RANKING · 2024 ACS · 500 SHOWN OF 804

Largest Finnish population, US metro areas

US metro areas ranked by the number of residents who are Finnish ancestry, from the 2024 American Community Survey detailed-origin tables. Each list covers the full eligible universe; download the complete data as CSV. Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI leads at 45,675. 804 metro areas qualify in total. Michigan carries 4 of the top 25 entries.

Finnish Americans: full group profile →

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SAME RANKING BYCities Counties States

YEAR2010 2020 2024

RANKPLACESTATEPOPFINNISH POPULATIONVS 2010

USUnited States0.2% of US population334,922,499614,125–

01Minneapolis, MNMN3,790,29545,675−1%

02Duluth, MNMN281,21927,798−17%

03Detroit, MIMI4,390,91323,615−31%

04Seattle, WAWA4,161,88319,218+3%

05Portland, OROR2,542,28218,708−6%

06Chicago, ILIL9,434,12312,321−21%

07Boston, MAMA5,034,22111,982−17%

08New York, NYNY20,112,44811,737−2%

09Los Angeles, CACA12,844,44111,080−9%

10Marquette, MIMI68,06410,590−25%

11Phoenix, AZAZ5,228,93810,540+12%

12Houghton, MIMI40,02810,030−27%

13Cleveland, OHOH2,165,7757,435−21%

14Worcester, MAMA888,5027,048−27%

15San Francisco, CACA4,630,0417,046−12%

16Washington, DCDC6,465,7246,752+15%

17Denver, COCO3,092,0376,735+15%

18Milwaukee, WIWI1,575,0106,454−22%

19Dallas, TXTX8,477,1575,095+4%

20Miami, FLFL6,391,0724,982−22%

21Sacramento, CACA2,477,2744,957+6%

22Atlanta, GAGA6,482,1824,802+13%

23Tampa, FLFL3,418,8954,607−5%

24Grand Rapids, MIMI1,183,6454,405−25%

25San Diego, CACA3,282,2484,364−18%

26Philadelphia, PAPA6,329,1184,087+3%

27Houston, TXTX7,904,6273,820+12%

28Green Bay, WIWI336,7563,740+34%

29Riverside, CACA4,769,0073,128−37%

30Baltimore, MDMD2,857,7813,097+36%

31Manchester, NHNH433,4152,866−4%

32San Jose, CACA1,984,4732,773+5%

33Austin, TXTX2,620,9452,765+45%

34Las Vegas, NVNV2,407,2262,721−3%

35Grand Rapids, MNMN45,4042,692−20%

36Ann Arbor, MIMI370,2142,656−17%

37Lansing, MIMI479,7222,644−14%

38Fargo, NDND269,5282,535+37%

39Nashville, TNTN2,197,4162,499+69%

40Lacey, WAWA304,2612,473+20%

41Madison, WIWI709,6852,392+6%

42Salt Lake City, UTUT1,308,3772,326+16%

43Spokane, WAWA608,0122,296−23%

44Charlotte, NCNC2,938,8302,249+36%

45Anchorage, AKAK405,8212,248−19%

46Orlando, FLFL2,957,6722,197−36%

47Greenville, SCSC1,014,1012,162+56%

48Columbus, OHOH2,242,0282,156−9%

49Tucson, AZAZ1,074,6852,141+5%

50Fergus Falls, MNMN61,0412,065−12%

51Flint, MIMI401,0932,029−27%

52Escanaba, MIMI36,5821,998−20%

53Boise City, IDID864,2431,991+2%

54Providence, RIRI1,708,1611,990−29%

55Portland, MEME577,6351,979−16%

56Brainerd, MNMN100,5621,952+3%

57St. Louis, MOMO2,814,4211,929−10%

58Jacksonville, FLFL1,785,5001,914+3%

59Cincinnati, OHOH2,312,8581,898−19%

60Kansas City, MOMO2,270,6821,890+17%

61Indianapolis, ININ2,205,6951,873+16%

62North Port, FLFL948,1581,820+36%

63Longview, WAWA114,8851,792−33%

64Kalamazoo, MIMI263,7951,789+39%

65Detroit Lakes, MNMN35,4971,774−14%

66Bremerton, WAWA283,3741,763−9%

67St. Cloud, MNMN205,8541,762−11%

68Keene, NHNH78,2691,745−25%

69Pittsburgh, PAPA2,421,9921,721−17%

70Kenosha, WIWI168,4481,689+25%

71Eugene, OROR381,5841,688−16%

72Traverse City, MIMI156,9721,667+0%

73Provo, UTUT773,4261,643+13%

74Oxnard, CACA830,8511,614+33%

75Virginia Beach, VAVA1,797,2131,595−22%

76San Antonio, TXTX2,813,1401,516+7%

77Santa Rosa, CACA486,4441,451−16%

78Hartford, CTCT1,171,4261,387–

79Iron Mountain, MIMI30,5751,354−41%

80Colorado Springs, COCO781,7961,352−17%

81Appleton, WIWI249,8761,323−34%

82Rochester, MNMN231,1841,299+5%

83Kennewick, WAWA324,3341,289−2%

84Ogden, UTUT672,7841,269+81%

85Oshkosh, WIWI174,2181,255+9%

86Bend, OROR266,3761,245+18%

87Cape Coral, FLFL875,6071,217−5%

88Muskegon, MIMI177,9011,209+11%

89Palm Bay, FLFL663,9821,190+19%

90Barnstable, MAMA233,5391,169−32%

91Raleigh, NCNC1,595,7201,166+44%

92Reno, NVNV578,7341,134−13%

93Honolulu, HIHI988,7031,120+43%

94Lebanon, NHNH224,5001,119+1%

95Youngstown, OHOH423,6781,116−27%

96Bellingham, WAWA236,3921,111−27%

97Kalispell, MTMT115,4291,097−4%

98Billings, MTMT193,6031,079−13%

99Omaha, NENE1,009,8361,056+4%

100Ukiah, CACA88,1221,051−8%

101Sault Ste. Marie, MIMI36,0811,046−27%

102Astoria, OROR40,9261,037−50%

103Akron, OHOH701,7801,012−17%

104Santa Maria, CACA442,065971+29%

105Pensacola, FLFL544,949967+60%

106Charleston, SCSC889,263961+166%

107Fresno, CACA1,203,383934−16%

108Albuquerque, NMNM925,279933−37%

109Marinette, WIWI65,515931−24%

110Fort Collins, COCO377,292929+13%

111Aberdeen, WAWA78,144928−27%

112Bismarck, NDND139,750922+23%

113Salem, OROR445,814915−32%

114Oklahoma City, OKOK1,512,813908+69%

115Sioux Falls, SDSD314,638901+85%

116Albany, NYNY915,835897−13%

117Rochester, NYNY1,056,149896−19%

118Boulder, COCO328,560891−12%

119Lakeland, FLFL874,790874+3%

120Bridgeport, CTCT978,179872–

121Helena, MTMT97,153869+34%

122Toledo, OHOH599,376863+6%

123Missoula, MTMT128,698863+57%

124Birmingham, ALAL1,197,766859+28%

125Dayton, OHOH826,554851+45%

126Norwich, CTCT284,015838–

127Prescott Valley, AZAZ252,552834+55%

128Richmond, VAVA1,389,338821+28%

129Louisville, KYKY1,402,509820+18%

130Medford, OROR221,795815−11%

131Wichita, KSKS663,809815+90%

132Crestview, FLFL315,098806+87%

133Columbia, SCSC879,918788+4%

134Eau Claire, WIWI176,647785+10%

135Asheville, NCNC422,345784+86%

136Des Moines, IAIA758,539783+5%

137Great Falls, MTMT85,029773−11%

138Coeur d'Alene, IDID191,864767+10%

139Port St. Lucie, FLFL568,721765+2%

140Spartanburg, SCSC407,656749+44%

141Centralia, WAWA88,062725−18%

142Ocala, FLFL442,660723+43%

143San Luis Obispo, CACA282,367723+49%

144Vallejo, CACA455,376717−35%

145Deltona, FLFL746,933714−30%

146Racine, WIWI198,919697−33%

147Durham, NCNC625,485687+33%

148Knoxville, TNTN968,137682+49%

149Idaho Falls, IDID173,851679+116%

150Wausau, WIWI139,432675−55%

151Chico, CACA209,211674+46%

152Fayetteville, ARAR622,177671+84%

153Mount Vernon, WAWA132,975659−8%

154Jackson, MIMI159,552652+13%

155Alexandria, MNMN40,120641+20%

156Kiryas Joel, NYNY718,377636−38%

157Yakima, WAWA259,185635+14%

158New Haven, CTCT578,741632–

159Rapid City, SDSD156,934628−16%

160Flagstaff, AZAZ144,368625+110%

161Stockton, CACA823,815611−16%

162Buffalo, NYNY1,155,653610−34%

163Mankato, MNMN104,907608+22%

164Bemidji, MNMN47,055598−27%

165Winston-Salem, NCNC712,206598+210%

166Owosso, MIMI67,681585+74%

167Huntsville, ALAL556,444571+66%

168Butte-Silver Bow, MTMT36,118571−39%

169Gainesville, FLFL359,036568+22%

170Sheboygan, WIWI118,047568−15%

171Eureka, CACA131,647565−2%

172Redding, CACA181,648563−51%

173Putnam, CTCT98,096557–

174Tulsa, OKOK1,069,273553−14%

175Adrian, MIMI97,779549+25%

176Naples, FLFL417,131545−25%

177Port Angeles, WAWA78,202535−22%

178Punta Gorda, FLFL217,212527+10%

179Syracuse, NYNY652,273524−51%

180Bozeman, MTMT128,740520−4%

181Myrtle Beach, SCSC427,551519+124%

182Harrisburg, PAPA617,427516+50%

183Modesto, CACA557,719516−2%

184Chattanooga, TNTN594,530511+153%

185Burlington, VTVT227,803506+10%

186Santa Cruz, CACA258,852505−33%

187Logan, UTUT160,889494+280%

188Wenatchee, WAWA128,414493+41%

189Corvallis, OROR97,728488−12%

190Allentown, PAPA887,615486−17%

191Concord, NHNH158,078486−20%

192Springfield, MAMA464,338484−18%

193Rockford, ILIL337,242482−47%

194Midland, MIMI83,754480−25%

195Holland, MIMI123,188476+31%

196Santa Fe, NMNM156,907474+63%

197Port Townsend, WAWA33,970473+116%

198Lewiston, MEME116,487471−39%

199Springfield, MOMO500,694465+13%

200Wilmington, NCNC492,772464+62%

201Hilton Head Island, SCSC242,966461+39%

202Amherst, MAMA164,065457+13%

203Saginaw, MIMI187,688453−34%

204Juneau city and, AKAK31,609448+84%

205Taos, NMNM34,564447+1441%

206La Crosse, WIWI171,182447−41%

207Oak Harbor, WAWA85,657445−33%

208Wisconsin Rapids, WIWI74,060445−2%

209Walla Walla, WAWA62,361445+72%

210Battle Creek, MIMI133,408442+0%

211Truckee, CACA101,911442−30%

212Kingston, NYNY183,330435+6%

213Grand Forks, NDND105,046435−17%

214Bay City, MIMI102,123433−10%

215Augusta, GAGA641,231432+105%

216Niles, MIMI152,444430−18%

217Erie, PAPA265,832423−12%

218Lake Havasu City, AZAZ228,102421−9%

219Fort Wayne, ININ466,258416−17%

220Hilo, HIHI210,043414+110%

221Elko, NVNV56,682412+186%

222Janesville, WIWI166,472402−14%

223Davenport, IAIA380,452401−8%

224Pittsfield, MAMA128,224401+43%

225Stevens Point, WIWI71,943398−2%

226Greeley, COCO378,426397−15%

227El Paso, TXTX881,291394+77%

228Newport, OROR50,636387+54%

229Hutchinson, MNMN36,631387−25%

230Little Rock, ARAR777,607385+7%

231Shelton, WAWA71,165384+15%

232Sheridan, WYWY33,241384+65%

233Ithaca, NYNY104,047381−45%

234Greensburg, ININ26,576373+1143%

235Faribault, MNMN69,939373−49%

236Petoskey, MIMI33,775373+21%

237Waterbury, CTCT463,349372–

238Bloomington, ININ165,231367+456%

239Fayetteville, NCNC395,412366+15%

240Bakersfield, CACA927,068365−59%

241Minot, NDND75,694362+57%

242Cedar Rapids, IAIA279,285359+34%

243Scranton, PAPA574,418354+65%

244Augusta, MEME129,067342−29%

245Coos Bay, OROR63,992338+9%

246Baton Rouge, LALA888,699336+12%

247Savannah, GAGA438,314336+101%

248Beaver Dam, WIWI89,097336−18%

249South Bend, ININ324,538335−21%

250Peoria, ILIL363,505333−0%

251Grand Junction, COCO162,845332+8%

252Greenfield, MAMA70,698330−40%

253Daphne, ALAL267,761330+177%

254Monroe, MIMI156,004327−33%

255Red Wing, MNMN48,195325−14%

256Gulfport, MSMS431,329318+1%

257Memphis, TNTN1,341,412316−30%

258Roseburg, OROR111,951312−46%

259Florence, ALAL156,609310+349%

260Sandpoint, IDID54,420309+25%

261Greensboro, NCNC805,945302−56%

262Rifle, COCO80,099302−11%

263Cadillac, MIMI49,719298−36%

264Napa, CACA132,949293−3%

265Lincoln, NENE352,081289−35%

266Atlantic City, NJNJ372,047288−36%

267Tallahassee, FLFL397,442286−33%

268Homosassa Springs, FLFL171,666285+4%

269Panama City, FLFL231,174285+26%

270Pueblo, COCO169,277281+43%

271Fond du Lac, WIWI104,669280−46%

272Manitowoc, WIWI81,710277−38%

273Cheyenne, WYWY102,938271−30%

274Torrington, CTCT114,690271–

275Clarksville, TNTN349,001268+11%

276Whitewater, WIWI106,127266−58%

277Charlottesville, VAVA228,597266−31%

278Winona, MNMN50,523265+51%

279Rutland, VTVT59,653264−27%

280Yuma, AZAZ224,449264+29%

281Elmira, NYNY80,415263−45%

282Pullman, WAWA48,512263+22%

283Canton, OHOH400,246259−26%

284Hermiston, OROR93,721259−19%

285Willmar, MNMN44,720259+1%

286Salinas, CACA433,729258−44%

287Rice Lake, WIWI46,484250−55%

288Casper, WYWY80,526249−25%

289New Bern, NCNC127,358249+329%

290Hagerstown, MDMD315,280247−20%

291New Orleans, LALA970,849246+7%

292Fairbanks, AKAK93,972243−65%

293Pocatello, IDID91,591238+9%

294Key West, FLFL80,406232−5%

295Evansville, ININ273,786230+9%

296Huntington, WVWV365,965230+24%

297Waco, TXTX308,807229+30%

298Dickinson, NDND39,142227+568%

299Lynchburg, VAVA269,169226+6%

300Sierra Vista, AZAZ126,332226+31%

301Sebastian, FLFL172,799224+56%

302Winchester, VAVA152,332223+156%

303Spearfish, SDSD29,459222−21%

304Owatonna, MNMN37,464219+43%

305Lexington, KYKY535,174218−25%

306Mount Pleasant, MIMI64,691218−59%

307Killeen, TXTX511,497218−20%

308Lancaster, PAPA563,159216−35%

309Albany, OROR132,843215−63%

310Beckley, WVWV109,940213+826%

311Alamogordo, NMNM70,368211+113%

312Big Rapids, MIMI42,320210+4%

313Decatur, ALAL160,326209+533%

314St. George, UTUT213,670209−4%

315Watertown, WIWI86,505208−29%

316Payson, AZAZ53,801208−31%

317Columbia, MOMO219,062208+33%

318Jacksonville, NCNC217,175208+93%

319Bangor, MEME157,967207−22%

320York, PAPA473,197207−36%

321Binghamton, NYNY243,189203−58%

322Lewiston, IDID65,450202−53%

323Roanoke, VAVA316,547201+60%

324Moses Lake, WAWA105,727200+10%

325Fort Smith, ARAR234,140200+108%

326Baraboo, WIWI66,652199−11%

327Aberdeen, SDSD41,583198−61%

328Williston, NDND41,767198+247%

329Johnson City, TNTN216,416198−20%

330Blackfoot, IDID51,153198+118%

331Bloomington, ILIL171,419196+15%

332Twin Falls, IDID123,901196+75%

333Marion, ININ66,524192+611%

334Barre, VTVT59,652191+62%

335Brattleboro, VTVT45,204191+38%

336Watertown, SDSD29,562190+6%

337Joplin, MOMO208,796190+288%

338Hudson, NYNY60,168189+105%

339Blacksburg, VAVA181,616185−14%

340Shawano, WIWI45,759184−14%

341Sparta, WIWI46,572184+4%

342Jefferson City, MOMO152,712184+608%

343Hays, KSKS29,075183+863%

344Breckenridge, COCO39,069183+51%

345Yuba City, CACA187,478182−33%

346Las Cruces, NMNM229,091181+212%

347Carson, NVNV58,571180+22%

348Clearlake, CACA67,772180−13%

349Sebring, FLFL111,122178+154%

350Durango, COCO56,898174−19%

351Heber, UTUT81,655172+21%

352Jasper, ININ44,016171–

353Rock Springs, WYWY41,267170−57%

354Hailey, IDID32,436168+1%

355Beaumont, TXTX399,310167−13%

356Klamath Falls, OROR70,274167−26%

357Mobile, ALAL411,658167−54%

358Iowa City, IAIA182,711166−2%

359Statesboro, GAGA97,977165+251%

360Tuscaloosa, ALAL281,850163+46%

361Trenton, NJNJ399,289162−18%

362Laramie, WYWY38,558158−11%

363Pinehurst, NCNC110,619158+410%

364Menomonie, WIWI46,223158−10%

365Lafayette, LALA423,758157+1208%

366Pierre, SDSD20,588156+30%

367Sturgis, MIMI60,968155+19%

368Gillette, WYWY48,145154−68%

369Grand Island, NENE78,076154+711%

370Morgantown, WVWV141,995154+242%

371Moscow, IDID41,842152+9%

372Athens, GAGA224,148151+86%

373Riverton, WYWY39,464151+12%

374St. Simons, GAGA118,524150+20%

375Richmond, KYKY131,806149+77%

376Shreveport, LALA383,474148+155%

377The Villages, FLFL157,772147−51%

378Kingsport, TNTN314,834146+128%

379Monticello, NYNY80,586145+127%

380Columbus, GAGA324,830144−23%

381Corpus Christi, TXTX451,191144−54%

382Glens Falls, NYNY124,373142+58%

383Mansfield, OHOH124,893142+46%

384Freeport, ILIL43,220141+86%

385Laconia, NHNH65,147141−51%

386Visalia, CACA485,146141−52%

387Abilene, TXTX185,429140+63%

388Sonora, CACA53,160138−27%

389Urbana, OHOH38,820138−22%

390Champaign, ILIL239,979136−20%

391Manhattan, KSKS136,122136−6%

392Lexington Park, MDMD211,176134−39%

393Hermitage, PAPA107,860133+36%

394Lawrence, KSKS120,920131−10%

395Elizabethtown, KYKY128,666129+7%

396Elkhart, ININ208,774129−26%

397Grants Pass, OROR87,867128−69%

398Brookings, SDSD37,635128−34%

399Slidell, LALA279,108127−24%

400Platteville, WIWI52,446126−5%

401East Stroudsburg, PAPA167,179125−51%

402Ames, IAIA128,090123+29%

403Kapaa, HIHI73,400123−10%

404Findlay, OHOH75,034122+103%

405College Station, TXTX287,476122−60%

406Reading, PAPA440,072122−51%

407Auburn, NYNY74,365121+95%

408Oneonta, NYNY60,589121+29%

409Springfield, ILIL206,033120+173%

410Granbury, TXTX70,501120+200%

411Florence, SCSC201,392120+445%

412Coldwater, MIMI45,993120+5%

413Warsaw, ININ80,892118+258%

414Ottawa, ILIL145,902118−33%

415McAllen, TXTX921,549117−43%

416Lafayette, ININ228,468117−45%

417Russellville, ARAR84,932116–

418Jackson, WYWY36,587115+34%

419Rolla, MOMO45,247115−8%

420Vermillion, SDSD15,031113+335%

421Macon-Bibb County, GAGA238,553112+11%

422Hood River, OROR23,720111−67%

423Tyler, TXTX252,549111+22%

424State College, PAPA157,393110−24%

425Bennington, VTVT36,630101+26%

426Wichita Falls, TXTX149,448101−40%

427Seaford, DEDE277,14099+4%

428Farmington, NMNM120,34099−46%

429Wooster, OHOH116,75899−49%

430Topeka, KSKS233,05298+250%

431Lubbock, TXTX368,43197−21%

432Staunton, VAVA129,69297+98%

433Sumter, SCSC105,06797+213%

434Utica, NYNY285,61197−58%

435Cookeville, TNTN152,47797−31%

436Salisbury, MDMD131,87296+118%

437Kingsland, GAGA60,14396+104%

438Ketchikan, AKAK13,54995+252%

439Chambersburg, PAPA160,65294−3%

440Charleston, WVWV200,17094+2%

441Wahpeton, NDND23,01994−50%

442Kahului, HIHI160,67494−74%

443Sandusky, OHOH112,77794−25%

444Kirksville, MOMO29,82493–

445Edwards, COCO54,29192−55%

446Vineyard Haven, MAMA21,21991+507%

447Mountain Home, IDID29,46590+84%

448Gainesville, TXTX44,46188+389%

449Ellensburg, WAWA48,80388−62%

450Albert Lea, MNMN30,44088+319%

451Huntsville, TXTX83,84286+65%

452Jackson, MSMS609,84785−68%

453Athens, TNTN71,59085–

454Jamestown, NYNY124,12683−49%

455Johnstown, PAPA128,96883+19%

456Burlington, NCNC186,17782+183%

457Hickory, NCNC376,89082−60%

458Alpena, MIMI28,85382−76%

459Brookings, OROR22,62181+11%

460Rexburg, IDID69,38079+98%

461Angola, ININ34,79979+2533%

462Ontario, OROR60,08579−7%

463Oxford, ALAL115,83478+13%

464Bowling Green, KYKY197,18076+17%

465Tullahoma, TNTN69,33976+591%

466Gettysburg, PAPA107,59476+13%

467Harrisonburg, VAVA140,15576−23%

468Rochelle, ILIL51,39975−19%

469Steamboat Springs, COCO38,45175−39%

470Washington Court House, OHOH28,55275–

471Gainesville, GAGA226,56875+29%

472Corning, NYNY91,85574−37%

473New Ulm, MNMN25,51774+6%

474Moultrie, GAGA47,43872+1700%

475Sidney, OHOH48,06572+380%

476Seneca Falls, NYNY32,88371+9%

477Michigan City, ININ111,29471−38%

478La Grande, OROR25,90070−16%

479Dubuque, IAIA99,38170−10%

480Terre Haute, ININ169,24170−37%

481Baker City, OROR16,65870+312%

482Beeville, TXTX32,51570–

483Show Low, AZAZ109,94670−23%

484Hillsdale, MIMI45,73869+21%

485Longview, TXTX297,31568−49%

486Plattsburgh, NYNY78,13868−55%

487Macomb, ILIL25,91667+168%

488Red Bluff, CACA64,66567−54%

489Fallon, NVNV25,85166+29%

490Enterprise, ALAL56,95366+27%

491Mitchell, SDSD25,91365−8%

492Olean, NYNY75,39065+63%

493Peru, ININ34,48765−16%

494Waynesville, NCNC63,36964+5%

495Kerrville, TXTX54,03764−26%

496Mason City, IAIA49,71064−30%

497Plymouth, ININ46,59964+2033%

498Lake Charles, LALA244,65564−44%

499Gaffney, SCSC58,27563–

500Hattiesburg, MSMS158,01463+294%

SHOWING 1–500 OF 804

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UPDATED 2026-07-15 · DATA: US CENSUS BUREAU ACS 5-YEAR ESTIMATES

Frequently asked

Which metro area has the highest finnish population?

Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI ranks #1 with 45,675 (2024 American Community Survey).

What are the top 5 metro areas by finnish population?

Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI, Duluth, MN-WI, Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI, Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA, Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA.

How many metro areas are in this ranking?

804 metro areas qualify after filtering for population minimums and data availability. The ranking covers 2024 ACS 5-year data.

How is finnish population measured?

Number of residents who are Finnish ancestry (Ancestry, ACS detailed tables). Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2024).