RANKING · 2020 CENSUS · 500 SHOWN OF 3,021

Largest Polish population, US counties · 2020

US counties ranked by the number of residents who are Polish ancestry, from the 2023 American Community Survey detailed-origin tables. Each list covers the full eligible universe; download the complete data as CSV. Cook County, Illinois leads at 399,234. 3,021 counties qualify in total. New York carries 6 of the top 25 entries.

All statesAll rankings

SAME RANKING BYCities States Metros

YEAR2010 2020 2024

RANKPLACESTATEPOPPOLISH POPULATIONVS 2000

01Cook County, ILIL5,194,625399,234–

02Erie County, NYNY946,741156,980–

03Macomb County, MIMI886,221130,667–

04Wayne County, MIMI1,769,038122,460–

05Oakland County, MIMI1,288,337115,009–

06Los Angeles County, CACA9,694,934110,418–

07Maricopa County, AZAZ4,689,558102,573–

08Allegheny County, PAPA1,225,03596,848–

09DuPage County, ILIL934,29895,443–

10Milwaukee County, WIWI924,21692,505–

11Cuyahoga County, OHOH1,232,92591,654–

12Will County, ILIL712,25380,777–

13Suffolk County, NYNY1,546,09069,603–

14Luzerne County, PAPA332,12661,472–

15Kings County, NYNY2,653,96360,747–

16Nassau County, NYNY1,398,93960,735–

17Lake County, ILIL719,33958,797–

18New York County, NYNY1,664,86257,873–

19San Diego County, CACA3,282,24856,967–

20Palm Beach County, FLFL1,575,72656,522–

21Middlesex County, MAMA1,669,97953,687–

22Queens County, NYNY2,358,18253,325–

23Bergen County, NJNJ977,02653,179–

24Waukesha County, WIWI417,21051,052–

25Ocean County, NJNJ673,74650,975–

26Montgomery County, PAPA877,64350,520–

27Philadelphia County, PAPA1,574,28149,758–

28Lake County, ININ504,61248,630–

29Hennepin County, MNMN1,284,78447,847–

30Bucks County, PAPA647,82846,487–

31Harris County, TXTX5,045,02646,193–

32King County, WAWA2,344,93945,950–

33Worcester County, MAMA888,50245,918–

34Orange County, CACA3,149,50745,507–

35Middlesex County, NJNJ883,33545,450–

36Kent County, MIMI675,23245,418–

37Hampden County, MAMA464,33843,580–

38Clark County, NVNV2,407,22642,478–

39Broward County, FLFL2,013,31741,338–

40Monmouth County, NJNJ651,03539,277–

41Baltimore County, MDMD847,65038,747–

42McHenry County, ILIL317,75138,520–

43Kane County, ILIL525,75736,926–

44Pinellas County, FLFL948,56335,976–

45Lucas County, OHOH423,34735,462–

46Monroe County, NYNY750,50635,344–

47Westmoreland County, PAPA349,32434,407–

48Lackawanna County, PAPA216,50232,426–

49Erie County, PAPA265,83232,016–

50Morris County, NJNJ524,25131,769–

51Franklin County, OHOH1,361,53631,423–

52Westchester County, NYNY1,015,74330,107–

53Hillsborough County, FLFL1,574,11529,802–

54Dane County, WIWI590,37529,650–

55Onondaga County, NYNY466,58429,619–

56Burlington County, NJNJ481,43928,547–

57Essex County, MAMA826,65327,915–

58Fairfax County, VAVA1,167,87327,815–

59Montgomery County, MDMD1,074,58227,436–

60Summit County, OHOH538,37626,667–

61Chester County, PAPA557,11626,258–

62Brown County, WIWI275,80325,808–

63New Castle County, DEDE588,02625,667–

64St. Joseph County, ININ272,86125,503–

65Lorain County, OHOH323,21925,317–

66Lee County, FLFL875,60724,943–

67Wake County, NCNC1,257,23524,922–

68Union County, NJNJ601,86324,720–

69Livingston County, MIMI197,31524,291–

70Riverside County, CACA2,544,91624,033–

71St. Louis County, MOMO990,91123,925–

72Pima County, AZAZ1,074,68523,838–

73Washtenaw County, MIMI370,21423,688–

74Camden County, NJNJ535,79923,682–

75Niagara County, NYNY208,91223,631–

76Genesee County, MIMI401,09323,252–

77Norfolk County, MAMA739,74923,027–

78Bexar County, TXTX2,160,08822,574–

79Berks County, PAPA440,07222,484–

80Marathon County, WIWI139,43222,412–

81Delaware County, PAPA580,93722,238–

82Mecklenburg County, NCNC1,233,38321,868–

83Orange County, FLFL1,528,00221,823–

84Anne Arundel County, MDMD603,38021,330–

85Portage County, WIWI71,94321,209–

86Somerset County, NJNJ356,48621,189–

87Santa Clara County, CACA1,914,39120,923–

88Bristol County, MAMA593,64020,904–

89Anoka County, MNMN381,60520,829–

90Douglas County, NENE606,46020,823–

91Tarrant County, TXTX2,248,46620,779–

92Travis County, TXTX1,389,67020,566–

93Oneida County, NYNY226,39220,381–

94Passaic County, NJNJ531,62420,318–

95Mercer County, NJNJ399,28919,636–

96Providence County, RIRI678,17919,497–

97Miami-Dade County, FLFL2,802,02919,291–

98Pasco County, FLFL674,51619,253–

99Dallas County, TXTX2,661,39719,217–

100Denver County, COCO740,61319,147–

101Ramsey County, MNMN541,62318,971–

102Washington County, PAPA210,80218,782–

103Alameda County, CACA1,636,63018,676–

104Sarasota County, FLFL479,95818,633–

105St. Clair County, MIMI160,48618,483–

106Hudson County, NJNJ735,03318,461–

107Collin County, TXTX1,297,17918,210–

108Essex County, NJNJ896,37918,180–

109Ottawa County, MIMI308,45917,995–

110San Bernardino County, CACA2,224,09117,958–

111Hampshire County, MAMA164,06517,852–

112Brevard County, FLFL663,98217,750–

113Sacramento County, CACA1,618,46017,596–

114Multnomah County, OROR795,39117,168–

115Orange County, NYNY417,66917,115–

116Medina County, OHOH185,02517,033–

117Suffolk County, MAMA791,89117,030–

118Jefferson County, COCO580,45117,028–

119Bay County, MIMI102,12317,018–

120Hillsborough County, NHNH433,41517,013–

121Gloucester County, NJNJ312,63816,957–

122Richmond County, NYNY501,29016,891–

123Albany County, NYNY321,22516,668–

124El Paso County, COCO757,04016,627–

125Lake County, OHOH232,21716,277–

126Racine County, WIWI198,91916,223–

127San Francisco County, CACA826,07916,199–

128Dakota County, MNMN457,71016,194–

129Porter County, ININ176,04916,192–

130Contra Costa County, CACA1,170,07016,139–

131Ingham County, MIMI289,70915,965–

132Harford County, MDMD266,44615,773–

133Lancaster County, PAPA563,15915,603–

134Denton County, TXTX1,069,34615,448–

135Butler County, PAPA200,16915,318–

136Marion County, ININ992,19615,318–

137Ventura County, CACA830,85115,228–

138Fulton County, GAGA1,098,79115,189–

139District of Columbia, DCDC693,64515,161–

140Saratoga County, NYNY241,34315,096–

141Monroe County, MIMI156,00414,995–

142Schuylkill County, PAPA145,08514,915–

143Northampton County, PAPA324,41114,637–

144Lehigh County, PAPA384,38314,486–

145Volusia County, FLFL606,57314,423–

146Rockingham County, NHNH324,07714,413–

147Cambria County, PAPA128,96814,377–

148Baltimore, MDMD569,99714,375–

149York County, PAPA473,19714,284–

150Kalamazoo County, MIMI263,79514,269–

151Plymouth County, MAMA546,82914,148–

152Washington County, WIWI139,23814,104–

153Pierce County, WAWA946,28814,029–

154Duval County, FLFL1,062,96313,704–

155Saginaw County, MIMI187,68813,596–

156Winnebago County, WIWI174,21813,477–

157Rockland County, NYNY357,39713,420–

158Hamilton County, OHOH838,41813,356–

159Kenosha County, WIWI168,44813,170–

160Cobb County, GAGA793,34513,124–

161Arapahoe County, COCO673,82012,948–

162Snohomish County, WAWA870,65612,869–

163St. Charles County, MOMO426,49912,819–

164Montgomery County, TXTX781,19412,651–

165Jackson County, MIMI159,55212,522–

166Johnson County, KSKS636,90612,372–

167Outagamie County, WIWI195,89412,339–

168LaPorte County, ININ111,29412,285–

169Sussex County, NJNJ148,06312,243–

170Beaver County, PAPA166,03212,207–

171Washington County, MNMN286,89512,098–

172Seminole County, FLFL491,88411,914–

173Broome County, NYNY195,73611,824–

174Manatee County, FLFL468,20011,748–

175Collier County, FLFL417,13111,640–

176Polk County, FLFL874,79011,622–

177St. Louis County, MNMN200,51811,583–

178Stearns County, MNMN164,11011,533–

179Dutchess County, NYNY300,70811,368–

180Chautauqua County, NYNY124,12611,351–

181Hunterdon County, NJNJ131,78111,197–

182Stark County, OHOH373,77111,061–

183Monroe County, PAPA167,17910,978–

184San Mateo County, CACA743,56810,957–

185Howard County, MDMD339,18310,864–

186Hamilton County, ININ387,03610,860–

187Fayette County, PAPA123,02110,801–

188Salt Lake County, UTUT1,220,91610,772–

189Mahoning County, OHOH224,70610,622–

190Gwinnett County, GAGA1,018,09910,585–

191Kendall County, ILIL145,47010,435–

192Boulder County, COCO328,56010,423–

193Wood County, OHOH134,17610,378–

194Atlantic County, NJNJ278,65710,368–

195Loudoun County, VAVA449,74910,273–

196Prince William County, VAVA502,96610,090–

197Rensselaer County, NYNY160,51010,077–

198Cumberland County, PAPA277,27010,005–

199Washington County, OROR611,7089,895–

200Williamson County, TXTX752,8279,837–

201Schenectady County, NYNY162,5819,723–

202Sarpy County, NENE208,3039,712–

203Davidson County, TNTN745,9049,706–

204Winnebago County, ILIL283,6749,677–

205Horry County, SCSC427,5519,593–

206Virginia Beach, VAVA453,7379,514–

207Adams County, COCO554,6689,444–

208Berkshire County, MAMA128,2249,290–

209Ulster County, NYNY183,3309,196–

210Larimer County, COCO377,2929,192–

211Sonoma County, CACA486,4449,188–

212Marion County, FLFL442,6609,160–

213Northumberland County, PAPA89,9209,145–

214Bernalillo County, NMNM667,6019,136–

215Douglas County, COCO399,3969,100–

216Montgomery County, OHOH539,5988,946–

217Walworth County, WIWI106,1278,858–

218Ozaukee County, WIWI94,3468,784–

219Muskegon County, MIMI177,9018,758–

220Spokane County, WAWA558,3448,631–

221St. Johns County, FLFL346,3288,590–

222Jackson County, MOMO732,9948,585–

223Honolulu County, HIHI988,7038,576–

224Portage County, OHOH163,4048,558–

225Wood County, WIWI74,0608,522–

226Grand Traverse County, MIMI96,7298,416–

227Lapeer County, MIMI89,5168,394–

228Ada County, IDID546,1418,373–

229Lake County, FLFL456,0688,368–

230Washoe County, NVNV509,3868,365–

231Pinal County, AZAZ539,3808,353–

232Sussex County, DEDE277,1408,280–

233Jefferson County, KYKY795,2228,263–

234LaSalle County, ILIL107,7738,248–

235Frederick County, MDMD302,8838,248–

236Carroll County, MDMD176,6778,242–

237Lancaster County, NENE334,0498,185–

238Barnstable County, MAMA233,5398,155–

239Allen County, ININ402,3298,046–

240Franklin County, MAMA70,6988,011–

241Fort Bend County, TXTX975,1918,003–

242Greenville County, SCSC583,1257,978–

243Dauphin County, PAPA293,3517,927–

244DeKalb County, GAGA774,3947,864–

245Hernando County, FLFL221,7017,811–

246St. Lucie County, FLFL402,4497,790–

247Knox County, TNTN511,4537,763–

248Arlington County, VAVA243,9317,654–

249Charleston County, SCSC436,2007,617–

250Warren County, NJNJ112,9537,592–

251Charlotte County, FLFL217,2127,506–

252Manitowoc County, WIWI81,7107,372–

253Cattaraugus County, NYNY75,3907,337–

254Martin County, FLFL166,2727,328–

255Clackamas County, OROR426,2807,326–

256Cumberland County, MEME317,2227,301–

257Berrien County, MIMI152,4447,291–

258Shelby County, TNTN910,2267,254–

259Oswego County, NYNY118,5697,235–

260Clark County, WAWA532,1197,156–

261Marin County, CACA253,6947,145–

262Centre County, PAPA157,3937,102–

263Geauga County, OHOH95,6767,057–

264Chittenden County, VTVT169,1156,894–

265Trumbull County, OHOH198,9726,893–

266La Crosse County, WIWI121,3396,846–

267Wright County, MNMN157,5596,773–

268Lawrence County, PAPA83,9116,773–

269Kent County, RIRI173,4956,768–

270Kankakee County, ILIL105,5256,755–

271DeKalb County, ILIL101,8356,721–

272Tulsa County, OKOK698,7826,654–

273Sherburne County, MNMN104,1946,627–

274Weld County, COCO378,4266,612–

275Oklahoma County, OKOK822,1256,594–

276Lane County, OROR381,5846,576–

277Morrison County, MNMN34,6206,562–

278Alachua County, FLFL290,0286,545–

279St. Clair County, ILIL250,7086,515–

280Butler County, OHOH400,1286,510–

281Placer County, CACA442,0816,438–

282Cape May County, NJNJ93,3906,422–

283Polk County, IAIA516,5466,409–

284Thurston County, WAWA304,2616,392–

285Madison County, ILIL263,1106,367–

286Champaign County, ILIL209,9726,329–

287Santa Barbara County, CACA442,0656,323–

288Delaware County, OHOH242,0326,245–

289Yavapai County, AZAZ252,5526,234–

290Midland County, MIMI83,7546,230–

291Genesee County, NYNY58,4166,195–

292Allegan County, MIMI123,1886,192–

293Kent County, DEDE194,7866,177–

294Guilford County, NCNC562,2345,985–

295Washington County, RIRI129,7955,985–

296Huron County, MIMI30,5305,966–

297Rock County, WIWI166,4725,965–

298Forsyth County, GAGA282,8055,955–

299Fond du Lac County, WIWI104,6695,914–

300Indian River County, FLFL172,7995,885–

301Jefferson County, WIWI86,5055,850–

302Alpena County, MIMI28,8535,843–

303Merrimack County, NHNH158,0785,840–

304McLean County, ILIL171,4195,840–

305Chesterfield County, VAVA397,1485,819–

306Eau Claire County, WIWI109,0335,779–

307Anchorage, AKAK287,1555,777–

308Union County, NCNC267,6745,767–

309Kitsap County, WAWA283,3745,754–

310Tippecanoe County, ININ190,4565,738–

311Mercer County, PAPA107,8605,731–

312Leon County, FLFL299,0485,687–

313York County, MEME222,4345,670–

314Marinette County, WIWI42,5745,639–

315Sheboygan County, WIWI118,0475,535–

316Dodge County, WIWI89,0975,525–

317St. Louis, MOMO278,1445,479–

318Winona County, MNMN50,5235,455–

319Durham County, NCNC347,2405,449–

320Indiana County, PAPA82,8785,440–

321Belmont County, OHOH64,4345,413–

322Bronx County, NYNY1,406,3325,397–

323Strafford County, NHNH135,0435,380–

324Henrico County, VAVA342,7755,319–

325Cherokee County, GAGA299,2735,292–

326Warren County, OHOH257,1815,267–

327Blair County, PAPA119,5415,241–

328Kern County, CACA927,0685,236–

329Benton County, MNMN41,7445,232–

330Sedgwick County, KSKS538,4335,231–

331Herkimer County, NYNY59,2195,217–

332Lexington County, SCSC317,5885,213–

333Scott County, MNMN159,0175,208–

334New Hanover County, NCNC245,9595,188–

335Richland County, SCSC434,9565,186–

336Calhoun County, MIMI133,4085,178–

337Galveston County, TXTX372,2075,177–

338Mohave County, AZAZ228,1025,163–

339Fayette County, KYKY329,7515,140–

340Carbon County, PAPA65,8685,127–

341Santa Cruz County, CACA258,8525,125–

342Olmsted County, MNMN166,7315,113–

343Chemung County, NYNY80,4155,082–

344Prince George's County, MDMD970,3745,054–

345Citrus County, FLFL171,6665,040–

346Crawford County, PAPA81,7925,018–

347Grundy County, ILIL54,0525,002–

348Eaton County, MIMI109,5814,972–

349Cayuga County, NYNY74,3654,968–

350Alexandria, VAVA160,6624,963–

351Somerset County, PAPA72,0044,900–

352Isabella County, MIMI64,6914,893–

353Escambia County, FLFL333,8344,889–

354Sumter County, FLFL157,7724,861–

355San Luis Obispo County, CACA282,3674,850–

356York County, SCSC306,8874,805–

357Montgomery County, NYNY50,0464,760–

358Carver County, MNMN114,3794,751–

359Cass County, NDND201,7944,746–

360Chesapeake, VAVA255,3324,746–

361Clearfield County, PAPA78,1004,660–

362Beaufort County, SCSC204,4334,642–

363Cecil County, MDMD107,1314,639–

364Tuscola County, MIMI52,6804,594–

365Sanilac County, MIMI40,0834,573–

366Lenawee County, MIMI97,7794,476–

367Clay County, FLFL239,5934,471–

368Jefferson County, OHOH63,5974,449–

369Whatcom County, WAWA236,3924,446–

370Wayne County, PAPA51,7034,442–

371St. Croix County, WIWI98,2764,439–

372Onslow County, NCNC217,1754,427–

373Jefferson County, MOMO233,1324,420–

374Ontario County, NYNY113,1304,414–

375Forsyth County, NCNC401,7184,393–

376Van Buren County, MIMI76,0714,368–

377Brazoria County, TXTX419,0804,354–

378Oconto County, WIWI40,1954,344–

379Madison County, ALAL433,5164,343–

380Trempealeau County, WIWI31,1714,330–

381Marion County, OROR355,7774,299–

382Rutherford County, TNTN386,3524,297–

383Lycoming County, PAPA112,5874,292–

384El Paso County, TXTX877,8584,268–

385Williamson County, TNTN272,0614,261–

386Chatham County, GAGA311,8554,230–

387Elkhart County, ININ208,7744,208–

388San Joaquin County, CACA823,8154,192–

389Buncombe County, NCNC277,4174,132–

390Oneida County, WIWI38,1314,104–

391Cumberland County, NJNJ157,1484,099–

392Okaloosa County, FLFL221,8104,093–

393Stafford County, VAVA170,8034,091–

394Monroe County, ININ143,3454,091–

395Armstrong County, PAPA63,6984,062–

396Putnam County, NYNY99,0284,049–

397Hamilton County, TNTN390,8334,038–

398Clinton County, MIMI80,4324,020–

399Wyoming County, NYNY39,7414,014–

400Crow Wing County, MNMN69,1323,996–

401Monongalia County, WVWV107,9913,987–

402Flagler County, FLFL140,3603,952–

403Wilson County, TXTX56,1393,944–

404Licking County, OHOH185,5643,942–

405Chippewa County, WIWI67,6143,902–

406Osceola County, FLFL481,7183,895–

407Fresno County, CACA1,035,4563,889–

408Orleans Parish, LALA362,1543,873–

409Columbia County, PAPA66,1933,871–

410Waupaca County, WIWI51,4613,867–

411Sangamon County, ILIL194,1703,856–

412Brazos County, TXTX249,0883,810–

413Ashtabula County, OHOH96,7133,804–

414Sullivan County, NYNY80,5863,784–

415Pike County, PAPA62,8083,759–

416Shawano County, WIWI41,5603,735–

417Otsego County, MIMI26,0803,706–

418Bell County, TXTX402,2483,698–

419Norfolk, VAVA231,0133,695–

420Berkeley County, SCSC274,6663,688–

421Clay County, MOMO265,0323,686–

422Solano County, CACA455,3763,644–

423Bay County, FLFL204,4793,632–

424Spartanburg County, SCSC380,8573,630–

425Orange County, NCNC152,4983,620–

426Steuben County, NYNY91,8553,600–

427Cumberland County, NCNC338,4733,591–

428Deschutes County, OROR213,0723,589–

429Manistee County, MIMI25,6563,588–

430Cheshire County, NHNH78,2693,567–

431Shiawassee County, MIMI67,6813,545–

432Greene County, OHOH174,3223,524–

433Boone County, ILIL53,5683,523–

434Marquette County, MIMI68,0643,514–

435Hays County, TXTX304,3903,510–

436Susquehanna County, PAPA38,2373,508–

437Clermont County, OHOH216,9773,505–

438Columbia County, NYNY60,1683,502–

439Rutland County, VTVT59,6533,490–

440Tompkins County, NYNY104,0473,489–

441Utah County, UTUT759,8593,484–

442Peoria County, ILIL178,5533,464–

443Columbia County, WIWI58,1323,457–

444Pulaski County, ARAR404,6113,456–

445Madison County, NYNY67,1203,450–

446Comal County, TXTX209,1663,439–

447Platte County, NENE35,6493,423–

448Monterey County, CACA433,7293,421–

449Lebanon County, PAPA146,3803,420–

450Franklin County, PAPA160,6523,367–

451Jackson County, OROR221,7953,357–

452Scott County, IAIA175,2593,349–

453Jefferson County, ALAL665,7423,348–

454Emmet County, MIMI33,7753,333–

455Brunswick County, NCNC174,7023,330–

456Greene County, MOMO309,2863,328–

457Coconino County, AZAZ144,3683,307–

458Columbiana County, OHOH99,3773,283–

459Wayne County, NYNY91,2503,266–

460Boone County, MOMO191,7463,263–

461Jefferson County, NYNY111,5403,261–

462El Dorado County, CACA192,3233,254–

463Spotsylvania County, VAVA155,3883,249–

464Tioga County, NYNY47,4533,220–

465Adams County, PAPA107,5943,201–

466Douglas County, WIWI43,9903,174–

467Wyoming County, PAPA25,7903,166–

468Santa Rosa County, FLFL211,1153,165–

469Presque Isle County, MIMI13,1283,136–

470Johnson County, IAIA160,0443,119–

471Washington County, MDMD157,7313,114–

472Calumet County, WIWI53,9823,046–

473Warren County, NYNY65,0203,039–

474Monroe County, FLFL80,4063,029–

475Richmond, VAVA237,2573,027–

476Orleans County, NYNY39,8253,020–

477Cabarrus County, NCNC249,7253,015–

478Kootenai County, IDID191,8643,011–

479Mesa County, COCO162,8452,997–

480Johnston County, NCNC256,4482,989–

481Kennebec County, MEME129,0672,988–

482Iredell County, NCNC211,7982,982–

483St. Lawrence County, NYNY105,4882,971–

484Grafton County, NHNH93,2252,955–

485Linn County, IAIA232,0282,945–

486Nueces County, TXTX352,9922,935–

487Stanislaus County, CACA557,7192,932–

488Washington County, ARAR271,2132,925–

489Clark County, WIWI35,0522,922–

490Hendricks County, ININ193,5102,870–

491Anderson County, SCSC219,9302,858–

492Newport County, RIRI83,0512,854–

493Yellowstone County, MTMT172,6922,808–

494Cass County, MIMI51,6772,805–

495Rock Island County, ILIL141,8692,791–

496Lancaster County, SCSC114,2962,785–

497Minnehaha County, SDSD212,6912,778–

498Chisago County, MNMN59,1422,769–

499Salem County, NJNJ66,2802,765–

500Albemarle County, VAVA118,3562,758–

SHOWING 1–500 OF 3,021

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Download CSV (full list, 3,021 rows)

UPDATED 2026-06-06 · DATA: US CENSUS BUREAU ACS 5-YEAR ESTIMATES

Frequently asked

Which county has the highest polish population?

Cook County, Illinois ranks #1 with 399,234 (2020 American Community Survey).

What are the top 5 counties by polish population?

Cook County, Illinois, Erie County, New York, Macomb County, Michigan, Wayne County, Michigan, Oakland County, Michigan.

How many counties are in this ranking?

3,021 counties qualify after filtering for population minimums and data availability. The ranking covers 2020 ACS 5-year data.

How is polish population measured?

Number of residents who are Polish ancestry (Ancestry, ACS detailed tables). Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2020).