RANKING · 2010 CENSUS · 500 SHOWN OF 3,130

Largest German population, US counties · 2010

US counties ranked by the number of residents who are German ancestry, from the 2023 American Community Survey detailed-origin tables. Each list covers the full eligible universe; download the complete data as CSV. Maricopa County, Arizona leads at 607,823. 3,130 counties qualify in total. California carries 4 of the top 25 entries.

All statesAll rankings

SAME RANKING BYCities States Metros

YEAR2010 2020 2024

RANKPLACESTATEPOPGERMAN POPULATIONVS 2000

01Maricopa County, AZAZ4,689,558607,823–

02Cook County, ILIL5,194,625581,464–

03Los Angeles County, CACA9,694,934537,046–

04San Diego County, CACA3,282,248377,268–

05Allegheny County, PAPA1,225,035348,967–

06Orange County, CACA3,149,507330,510–

07Hennepin County, MNMN1,284,784326,250–

08King County, WAWA2,344,939321,185–

09Harris County, TXTX5,045,026314,757–

10St. Louis County, MOMO990,911293,425–

11Franklin County, OHOH1,361,536276,500–

12Milwaukee County, WIWI924,216265,568–

13Suffolk County, NYNY1,546,090248,572–

14Hamilton County, OHOH838,418248,320–

15Erie County, NYNY946,741245,605–

16Oakland County, MIMI1,288,337237,928–

17Cuyahoga County, OHOH1,232,925225,058–

18Clark County, NVNV2,407,226221,161–

19Riverside County, CACA2,544,916220,852–

20Wayne County, MIMI1,769,038219,510–

21DuPage County, ILIL934,298210,328–

22Tarrant County, TXTX2,248,466205,035–

23Waukesha County, WIWI417,210203,285–

24Lancaster County, PAPA563,159199,969–

25Dane County, WIWI590,375195,157–

26Macomb County, MIMI886,221193,371–

27Montgomery County, PAPA877,643190,472–

28San Bernardino County, CACA2,224,091182,043–

29York County, PAPA473,197180,885–

30Sacramento County, CACA1,618,460173,980–

31Bucks County, PAPA647,828173,822–

32Marion County, ININ992,196168,045–

33Bexar County, TXTX2,160,088167,761–

34Baltimore County, MDMD847,650165,650–

35Dallas County, TXTX2,661,397162,863–

36Pinellas County, FLFL948,563162,839–

37Johnson County, KSKS636,906162,727–

38Douglas County, NENE606,460162,533–

39Pierce County, WAWA946,288160,152–

40Monroe County, NYNY750,506156,984–

41Pima County, AZAZ1,074,685156,261–

42Dakota County, MNMN457,710151,304–

43Berks County, PAPA440,072149,593–

44Jefferson County, COCO580,451146,131–

45Jefferson County, KYKY795,222145,661–

46Hillsborough County, FLFL1,574,115145,136–

47Ramsey County, MNMN541,623144,452–

48Will County, ILIL712,253144,445–

49Nassau County, NYNY1,398,939143,586–

50Lake County, ILIL719,339142,717–

51Santa Clara County, CACA1,914,391141,959–

52St. Charles County, MOMO426,499141,741–

53Snohomish County, WAWA870,656141,046–

54Palm Beach County, FLFL1,575,726140,707–

55Multnomah County, OROR795,391137,799–

56Fairfax County, VAVA1,167,873137,677–

57Broward County, FLFL2,013,317136,738–

58El Paso County, COCO757,040135,615–

59Summit County, OHOH538,376135,453–

60Montgomery County, OHOH539,598134,170–

61Travis County, TXTX1,389,670132,532–

62Lucas County, OHOH423,347132,488–

63Kent County, MIMI675,232131,340–

64Sedgwick County, KSKS538,433129,468–

65Polk County, IAIA516,546128,107–

66Jackson County, MOMO732,994127,810–

67Stark County, OHOH373,771126,329–

68Spokane County, WAWA558,344124,521–

69Lancaster County, NENE334,049124,224–

70Anne Arundel County, MDMD603,380122,838–

71Philadelphia County, PAPA1,574,281122,783–

72Salt Lake County, UTUT1,220,916122,030–

73Kane County, ILIL525,757121,934–

74Westmoreland County, PAPA349,324121,549–

75Contra Costa County, CACA1,170,070119,356–

76Anoka County, MNMN381,605117,433–

77Allen County, ININ402,329117,332–

78Chester County, PAPA557,116115,452–

79Alameda County, CACA1,636,630114,059–

80Orange County, FLFL1,528,002111,809–

81Collin County, TXTX1,297,179109,338–

82New York County, NYNY1,664,862107,666–

83Washington County, OROR611,708107,406–

84Denton County, TXTX1,069,346107,178–

85Arapahoe County, COCO673,820105,820–

86Wake County, NCNC1,257,235105,579–

87Middlesex County, MAMA1,669,979105,563–

88McHenry County, ILIL317,751105,348–

89Ocean County, NJNJ673,746104,778–

90Lee County, FLFL875,607103,054–

91Mecklenburg County, NCNC1,233,383102,477–

92Montgomery County, MDMD1,074,582101,486–

93Clark County, WAWA532,119101,048–

94Oklahoma County, OKOK822,12599,717–

95Ventura County, CACA830,85199,355–

96Butler County, OHOH400,12898,300–

97Lehigh County, PAPA384,38397,229–

98Brown County, WIWI275,80396,236–

99Outagamie County, WIWI195,89493,880–

100Brevard County, FLFL663,98293,254–

101Washington County, MNMN286,89592,250–

102Clackamas County, OROR426,28092,213–

103Tulsa County, OKOK698,78292,063–

104Larimer County, COCO377,29292,036–

105Winnebago County, WIWI174,21891,709–

106Duval County, FLFL1,062,96391,478–

107Onondaga County, NYNY466,58490,839–

108Bergen County, NJNJ977,02689,919–

109Erie County, PAPA265,83289,220–

110Delaware County, PAPA580,93788,621–

111Pasco County, FLFL674,51687,671–

112Madison County, ILIL263,11087,661–

113Northampton County, PAPA324,41187,044–

114Burlington County, NJNJ481,43987,008–

115Cumberland County, PAPA277,27086,949–

116Monmouth County, NJNJ651,03586,424–

117Denver County, COCO740,61386,183–

118Dauphin County, PAPA293,35185,784–

119Linn County, IAIA232,02885,403–

120Camden County, NJNJ535,79982,960–

121Stearns County, MNMN164,11082,856–

122Washington County, WIWI139,23881,677–

123Jefferson County, MOMO233,13281,518–

124Adams County, COCO554,66881,049–

125Volusia County, FLFL606,57380,916–

126New Castle County, DEDE588,02679,830–

127Lake County, ININ504,61279,676–

128Lorain County, OHOH323,21979,530–

129Fresno County, CACA1,035,45679,514–

130Butler County, PAPA200,16978,952–

131Williamson County, TXTX752,82778,456–

132Genesee County, MIMI401,09377,993–

133Morris County, NJNJ524,25177,560–

134Kern County, CACA927,06877,395–

135Douglas County, COCO399,39676,729–

136Washtenaw County, MIMI370,21476,537–

137Hamilton County, ININ387,03675,694–

138Lane County, OROR381,58475,668–

139Sarasota County, FLFL479,95875,322–

140Winnebago County, ILIL283,67475,251–

141Sonoma County, CACA486,44475,044–

142Bernalillo County, NMNM667,60174,802–

143Montgomery County, TXTX781,19473,913–

144Ada County, IDID546,14173,889–

145St. Clair County, ILIL250,70873,392–

146Minnehaha County, SDSD212,69172,580–

147Marathon County, WIWI139,43272,452–

148Polk County, FLFL874,79072,038–

149Racine County, WIWI198,91970,555–

150Queens County, NYNY2,358,18270,383–

151Cobb County, GAGA793,34570,213–

152Westchester County, NYNY1,015,74370,010–

153Washoe County, NVNV509,38669,965–

154Boulder County, COCO328,56069,828–

155San Joaquin County, CACA823,81569,509–

156Weld County, COCO378,42668,797–

157Marion County, OROR355,77768,587–

158Harford County, MDMD266,44668,223–

159St. Joseph County, ININ272,86167,432–

160Middlesex County, NJNJ883,33567,213–

161Knox County, TNTN511,45367,116–

162Placer County, CACA442,08166,816–

163Clermont County, OHOH216,97766,424–

164Sheboygan County, WIWI118,04765,663–

165Cass County, NDND201,79465,628–

166San Francisco County, CACA826,07965,133–

167Saginaw County, MIMI187,68864,869–

168Gwinnett County, GAGA1,018,09964,538–

169Ingham County, MIMI289,70964,422–

170Gloucester County, NJNJ312,63864,328–

171San Mateo County, CACA743,56864,292–

172Fulton County, GAGA1,098,79163,481–

173Rock County, WIWI166,47262,937–

174Seminole County, FLFL491,88462,764–

175Niagara County, NYNY208,91262,398–

176Clay County, MOMO265,03261,798–

177Greene County, MOMO309,28661,053–

178Kalamazoo County, MIMI263,79561,050–

179Davidson County, TNTN745,90460,771–

180Lake County, OHOH232,21760,659–

181Frederick County, MDMD302,88360,223–

182Fond du Lac County, WIWI104,66960,067–

183Scott County, IAIA175,25959,955–

184Luzerne County, PAPA332,12659,643–

185Manatee County, FLFL468,20059,639–

186Warren County, OHOH257,18159,637–

187Virginia Beach, VAVA453,73759,578–

188Shelby County, TNTN910,22658,678–

189Ottawa County, MIMI308,45958,514–

190Sarpy County, NENE208,30358,088–

191Franklin County, PAPA160,65257,992–

192Vanderburgh County, ININ181,99557,653–

193Sangamon County, ILIL194,17057,446–

194Lebanon County, PAPA146,38057,199–

195Delaware County, OHOH242,03256,848–

196Carroll County, MDMD176,67756,466–

197Utah County, UTUT759,85956,439–

198Jefferson Parish, LALA431,39856,164–

199Elkhart County, ININ208,77455,836–

200Medina County, OHOH185,02555,560–

201Pinal County, AZAZ539,38055,499–

202Wright County, MNMN157,55955,498–

203Washington County, PAPA210,80255,462–

204Honolulu County, HIHI988,70355,370–

205Miami-Dade County, FLFL2,802,02955,280–

206Kenosha County, WIWI168,44855,027–

207St. Clair County, MIMI160,48655,010–

208Anchorage, AKAK287,15554,988–

209Orange County, NYNY417,66954,956–

210Blair County, PAPA119,54154,807–

211Worcester County, MAMA888,50254,316–

212Kenton County, KYKY175,77954,077–

213Beaver County, PAPA166,03254,071–

214Black Hawk County, IAIA131,53253,885–

215Shawnee County, KSKS178,60753,872–

216La Crosse County, WIWI121,33953,823–

217Marion County, FLFL442,66053,519–

218Stanislaus County, CACA557,71953,078–

219Monroe County, MIMI156,00452,973–

220Olmsted County, MNMN166,73152,841–

221Kings County, NYNY2,653,96352,798–

222Kitsap County, WAWA283,37452,586–

223Dubuque County, IAIA99,38152,509–

224Fort Bend County, TXTX975,19152,438–

225Peoria County, ILIL178,55352,387–

226Dodge County, WIWI89,09752,134–

227McLean County, ILIL171,41952,068–

228Scott County, MNMN159,01751,880–

229Thurston County, WAWA304,26151,730–

230Mahoning County, OHOH224,70651,669–

231St. Louis, MOMO278,14451,649–

232Dutchess County, NYNY300,70851,637–

233Livingston County, MIMI197,31551,505–

234Berrien County, MIMI152,44451,419–

235Wood County, OHOH134,17651,154–

236Greenville County, SCSC583,12550,726–

237St. Louis County, MNMN200,51850,592–

238Albany County, NYNY321,22550,494–

239Santa Barbara County, CACA442,06550,213–

240Collier County, FLFL417,13150,159–

241Prince William County, VAVA502,96649,816–

242Howard County, MDMD339,18349,397–

243Cambria County, PAPA128,96849,352–

244Schuylkill County, PAPA145,08549,274–

245Portage County, OHOH163,40449,152–

246Licking County, OHOH185,56448,283–

247Burleigh County, NDND103,25148,048–

248Lycoming County, PAPA112,58748,019–

249Tazewell County, ILIL130,04947,661–

250Champaign County, ILIL209,97247,200–

251Yavapai County, AZAZ252,55247,179–

252Johnson County, IAIA160,04447,169–

253Porter County, ININ176,04947,080–

254Guilford County, NCNC562,23446,903–

255Yellowstone County, MTMT172,69246,672–

256Norfolk County, MAMA739,74946,446–

257Washington County, MDMD157,73146,365–

258Tippecanoe County, ININ190,45646,342–

259Jefferson County, WIWI86,50546,153–

260Mohave County, AZAZ228,10246,049–

261Trumbull County, OHOH198,97246,006–

262Manitowoc County, WIWI81,71046,004–

263Loudoun County, VAVA449,74945,935–

264Baltimore, MDMD569,99745,906–

265San Luis Obispo County, CACA282,36745,786–

266Boone County, MOMO191,74645,701–

267Lake County, FLFL456,06845,592–

268Essex County, MAMA826,65345,142–

269Ozaukee County, WIWI94,34645,084–

270Fairfield County, OHOH169,75244,962–

271Oneida County, NYNY226,39244,884–

272Jefferson County, ALAL665,74244,706–

273Eau Claire County, WIWI109,03343,923–

274Butte County, CACA209,21143,688–

275Lexington County, SCSC317,58843,455–

276Cleveland County, OKOK303,97343,231–

277Fayette County, KYKY329,75142,920–

278St. Tammany Parish, LALA279,10842,786–

279Mercer County, NJNJ399,28942,685–

280Walworth County, WIWI106,12742,557–

281Solano County, CACA455,37642,466–

282Greene County, OHOH174,32242,247–

283Galveston County, TXTX372,20742,247–

284Centre County, PAPA157,39342,216–

285Forsyth County, NCNC401,71841,468–

286Jackson County, MIMI159,55241,461–

287Franklin County, MOMO108,09041,368–

288Brazoria County, TXTX419,08041,208–

289Wood County, WIWI74,06041,111–

290Carver County, MNMN114,37940,869–

291Whatcom County, WAWA236,39240,806–

292Chesterfield County, VAVA397,14840,667–

293Somerset County, NJNJ356,48640,369–

294Jackson County, OROR221,79539,846–

295Adams County, PAPA107,59439,841–

296Lackawanna County, PAPA216,50239,808–

297Hendricks County, ININ193,51039,646–

298Bell County, TXTX402,24839,546–

299Boone County, KYKY145,31639,499–

300Union County, NJNJ601,86339,320–

301Monroe County, PAPA167,17939,099–

302Wayne County, OHOH116,75839,012–

303District of Columbia, DCDC693,64538,813–

304Charleston County, SCSC436,20038,787–

305St. Croix County, WIWI98,27638,673–

306Richland County, OHOH124,89338,612–

307Sherburne County, MNMN104,19438,464–

308El Dorado County, CACA192,32338,333–

309LaSalle County, ILIL107,77338,290–

310Rock Island County, ILIL141,86938,224–

311Johnson County, ININ174,26238,193–

312Davis County, UTUT381,22738,080–

313Muskegon County, MIMI177,90138,055–

314Escambia County, FLFL333,83437,963–

315Sussex County, NJNJ148,06337,880–

316Pulaski County, ARAR404,61137,823–

317Marin County, CACA253,69437,776–

318Santa Cruz County, CACA258,85237,764–

319Atlantic County, NJNJ278,65737,625–

320Yakima County, WAWA259,18537,447–

321Pennington County, SDSD116,79237,257–

322Benton County, WAWA221,72237,178–

323Deschutes County, OROR213,07237,092–

324Pottawattamie County, IAIA92,99637,064–

325Allen County, OHOH100,88137,029–

326Mercer County, PAPA107,86036,620–

327Essex County, NJNJ896,37936,321–

328Broome County, NYNY195,73636,306–

329Shasta County, CACA181,64835,911–

330Ulster County, NYNY183,33035,911–

331Plymouth County, MAMA546,82935,874–

332Richland County, SCSC434,95635,653–

333Woodbury County, IAIA106,64935,628–

334DeKalb County, GAGA774,39435,608–

335St. Lucie County, FLFL402,44935,583–

336Hillsborough County, NHNH433,41535,573–

337Campbell County, KYKY95,44135,426–

338Miami County, OHOH112,63435,259–

339Clark County, OHOH135,34035,228–

340Saratoga County, NYNY241,34335,192–

341Tuscarawas County, OHOH92,37335,137–

342Douglas County, KSKS120,92035,135–

343Northumberland County, PAPA89,92035,020–

344Kootenai County, IDID191,86434,953–

345Passaic County, NJNJ531,62434,906–

346Fayette County, PAPA123,02134,868–

347Bay County, MIMI102,12334,848–

348McLennan County, TXTX272,02034,794–

349Mesa County, COCO162,84534,684–

350Prince George's County, MDMD970,37434,496–

351Buncombe County, NCNC277,41734,353–

352Cumberland County, NCNC338,47334,341–

353Benton County, ARAR332,55434,319–

354Henrico County, VAVA342,77534,285–

355Mobile County, ALAL411,65834,249–

356LaPorte County, ININ111,29434,098–

357Blue Earth County, MNMN70,63433,944–

358Sussex County, DEDE277,14033,901–

359DeKalb County, ILIL101,83533,865–

360Hamilton County, TNTN390,83333,850–

361Chautauqua County, NYNY124,12633,780–

362Madison County, ALAL433,51633,389–

363Monroe County, ININ143,34533,322–

364Cherokee County, GAGA299,27333,243–

365Horry County, SCSC427,55133,185–

366Somerset County, PAPA72,00432,998–

367Alachua County, FLFL290,02832,668–

368Hernando County, FLFL221,70132,589–

369Nueces County, TXTX352,99232,412–

370Sauk County, WIWI66,65232,391–

371Lenawee County, MIMI97,77932,371–

372Leon County, FLFL299,04832,182–

373Hancock County, OHOH75,03432,172–

374Eaton County, MIMI109,58132,093–

375Story County, IAIA101,29132,079–

376Canyon County, IDID275,12331,856–

377Monterey County, CACA433,72931,768–

378Columbiana County, OHOH99,37731,704–

379Rensselaer County, NYNY160,51031,702–

380Cole County, MOMO77,90831,640–

381East Baton Rouge Parish, LALA456,18031,606–

382Lubbock County, TXTX328,90631,453–

383Calhoun County, MIMI133,40831,303–

384Crawford County, PAPA81,79230,749–

385Portage County, WIWI71,94330,418–

386Waupaca County, WIWI51,46130,392–

387Brazos County, TXTX249,08830,211–

388Clay County, FLFL239,59330,195–

389Suffolk County, MAMA791,89130,187–

390York County, SCSC306,88730,160–

391Catawba County, NCNC170,17230,122–

392Erie County, OHOH73,29630,027–

393Hunterdon County, NJNJ131,78130,002–

394Columbia County, WIWI58,13229,905–

395Williamson County, TNTN272,06129,705–

396Kankakee County, ILIL105,52529,663–

397Ontario County, NYNY113,13029,630–

398Kendall County, ILIL145,47029,618–

399Calumet County, WIWI53,98229,502–

400Union County, NCNC267,67429,329–

401Cabarrus County, NCNC249,72529,232–

402Adams County, ILIL64,26729,125–

403Charlotte County, FLFL217,21229,106–

404Davidson County, NCNC180,18228,914–

405Armstrong County, PAPA63,69828,881–

406Chippewa County, WIWI67,61428,683–

407Indiana County, PAPA82,87828,666–

408Washington County, ARAR271,21328,641–

409Rockingham County, NHNH324,07728,559–

410Onslow County, NCNC217,17528,515–

411St. Johns County, FLFL346,32828,514–

412Kanawha County, WVWV172,38128,465–

413El Paso County, TXTX877,85828,245–

414Gallatin County, MTMT128,74028,233–

415Madison County, ININ135,08828,231–

416Rutherford County, TNTN386,35228,163–

417Missoula County, MTMT123,51328,027–

418Hays County, TXTX304,39027,996–

419Hampden County, MAMA464,33827,526–

420Douglas County, OROR111,95127,482–

421Kent County, DEDE194,78627,441–

422Clinton County, MIMI80,43227,439–

423Gaston County, NCNC246,55827,250–

424Berkeley County, WVWV139,52227,219–

425Guadalupe County, TXTX201,11127,215–

426Seneca County, OHOH54,52227,162–

427Martin County, FLFL166,27227,130–

428Bristol County, MAMA593,64027,126–

429Hudson County, NJNJ735,03327,052–

430Midland County, MIMI83,75427,017–

431Grand Traverse County, MIMI96,72927,008–

432Delaware County, ININ113,10626,947–

433Comal County, TXTX209,16626,930–

434Grant County, WIWI52,44626,881–

435Okaloosa County, FLFL221,81026,685–

436Pueblo County, COCO169,27726,525–

437Arlington County, VAVA243,93126,481–

438Cape Girardeau County, MOMO83,99926,468–

439Cass County, MOMO115,85926,468–

440Ward County, NDND68,23326,404–

441Tulare County, CACA485,14626,403–

442Riley County, KSKS72,59826,368–

443Laramie County, WYWY102,93826,335–

444Providence County, RIRI678,17926,200–

445Linn County, OROR132,84326,133–

446New Hanover County, NCNC245,95926,107–

447Clark County, ININ130,45126,105–

448Allegan County, MIMI123,18826,100–

449Lawrence County, PAPA83,91125,990–

450Otter Tail County, MNMN61,04125,944–

451Kosciusko County, ININ80,89225,753–

452Cattaraugus County, NYNY75,39025,659–

453Sandusky County, OHOH58,65525,656–

454Forsyth County, GAGA282,80525,650–

455Geauga County, OHOH95,67625,648–

456Oswego County, NYNY118,56925,630–

457Lapeer County, MIMI89,51625,506–

458Crow Wing County, MNMN69,13225,494–

459Richmond County, NYNY501,29025,477–

460Ashtabula County, OHOH96,71325,350–

461Citrus County, FLFL171,66625,321–

462Cumberland County, MEME317,22225,152–

463Indian River County, FLFL172,79925,102–

464Flathead County, MTMT115,42925,090–

465Warren County, NJNJ112,95325,011–

466Yolo County, CACA224,41024,905–

467Rice County, MNMN69,93924,791–

468Rowan County, NCNC155,09624,773–

469Cowlitz County, WAWA114,88524,694–

470Chesapeake, VAVA255,33224,649–

471Rockland County, NYNY357,39724,634–

472Columbia County, PAPA66,19324,552–

473Winona County, MNMN50,52324,455–

474Auglaize County, OHOH45,90924,379–

475Spartanburg County, SCSC380,85724,375–

476Platte County, MOMO114,40024,345–

477Johnson County, TXTX218,04824,307–

478Dubois County, ININ44,01624,267–

479Vigo County, ININ106,51224,242–

480Wayne County, NYNY91,25024,173–

481Beaufort County, SCSC204,43324,039–

482Mercer County, OHOH42,73724,034–

483Macon County, ILIL99,30023,983–

484Monongalia County, WVWV107,99123,851–

485Allegany County, MDMD66,84823,748–

486Buchanan County, MOMO83,54023,678–

487Weber County, UTUT278,17423,651–

488Durham County, NCNC347,24023,628–

489Dallas County, IAIA118,45723,431–

490Clinton County, IAIA46,00223,372–

491Santa Rosa County, FLFL211,11523,323–

492Cecil County, MDMD107,13123,321–

493Cape May County, NJNJ93,39023,215–

494Fairbanks North Star, AKAK93,97223,067–

495Dearborn County, ININ51,60923,046–

496Jasper County, MOMO127,42822,988–

497Cascade County, MTMT85,02922,968–

498Steuben County, NYNY91,85522,942–

499Yamhill County, OROR110,02422,911–

500Osceola County, FLFL481,71822,905–

SHOWING 1–500 OF 3,130

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Download CSV (full list, 3,130 rows)

UPDATED 2026-06-06 · DATA: US CENSUS BUREAU ACS 5-YEAR ESTIMATES

Frequently asked

Which county has the highest german population?

Maricopa County, Arizona ranks #1 with 607,823 (2010 American Community Survey).

What are the top 5 counties by german population?

Maricopa County, Arizona, Cook County, Illinois, Los Angeles County, California, San Diego County, California, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.

How many counties are in this ranking?

3,130 counties qualify after filtering for population minimums and data availability. The ranking covers 2010 ACS 5-year data.

How is german population measured?

Number of residents who are German ancestry (Ancestry, ACS detailed tables). Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2010).