RANKING · 2024 ACS · 500 SHOWN OF 1,129

Largest Panamanian population, US counties

US counties ranked by the number of residents who are Panamanian origin, from the 2024 American Community Survey detailed-origin tables. Each list covers the full eligible universe; download the complete data as CSV. Kings County, New York leads at 12,111. 1,129 counties qualify in total. New York carries 6 of the top 25 entries.

Panamanian Americans: full group profile →

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SAME RANKING BYCities States Metros

YEAR2010 2020 2024

RANKPLACESTATEPOPPANAMANIAN POPULATIONVS 2010

USUnited States0.1% of US population334,922,499246,735–

01Kings County, NYNY2,653,96312,111−14%

02Miami-Dade County, FLFL2,802,0298,585+5%

03Los Angeles County, CACA9,694,9345,766+20%

04Hillsborough County, FLFL1,574,1154,709+85%

05Broward County, FLFL2,013,3174,565+37%

06Queens County, NYNY2,358,1824,473+16%

07Harris County, TXTX5,045,0263,765+124%

08Orange County, FLFL1,528,0023,407+28%

09Bexar County, TXTX2,160,0883,321+69%

10New York County, NYNY1,664,8623,270+41%

11Clark County, NVNV2,407,2263,103+148%

12Duval County, FLFL1,062,9632,958+153%

13Riverside County, CACA2,544,9162,709+124%

14Maricopa County, AZAZ4,689,5582,700+113%

15San Diego County, CACA3,282,2482,477−14%

16Bronx County, NYNY1,406,3322,379−10%

17Mecklenburg County, NCNC1,233,3832,256+194%

18Prince George's County, MDMD970,3742,191+82%

19Cook County, ILIL5,194,6252,081+82%

20Westchester County, NYNY1,015,7432,061+187%

21Osceola County, FLFL481,7181,954+247%

22Cumberland County, NCNC338,4731,916+10%

23Fairfax County, VAVA1,167,8731,892+89%

24Suffolk County, NYNY1,546,0901,780+27%

25Travis County, TXTX1,389,6701,757+97%

26King County, WAWA2,344,9391,722+171%

27Nassau County, NYNY1,398,9391,672+12%

28Fulton County, GAGA1,098,7911,660+215%

29Polk County, FLFL874,7901,657+382%

30Montgomery County, MDMD1,074,5821,633+84%

31Dallas County, TXTX2,661,3971,573+39%

32Anne Arundel County, MDMD603,3801,531+186%

33Brevard County, FLFL663,9821,511+58%

34Pierce County, WAWA946,2881,511+72%

35Seminole County, FLFL491,8841,508+302%

36Gwinnett County, GAGA1,018,0991,481+144%

37Middlesex County, NJNJ883,3351,457+155%

38Orange County, CACA3,149,5071,385+75%

39Williamson County, TXTX752,8271,323+238%

40Bell County, TXTX402,2481,305−1%

41Prince William County, VAVA502,9661,272+4%

42Philadelphia County, PAPA1,574,2811,233+30%

43Palm Beach County, FLFL1,575,7261,190+34%

44Sacramento County, CACA1,618,4601,174+22%

45DeKalb County, GAGA774,3941,164+112%

46Tarrant County, TXTX2,248,4661,134+60%

47Lee County, FLFL875,6071,093+263%

48El Paso County, TXTX877,8581,077+42%

49Collin County, TXTX1,297,1791,075+197%

50Wake County, NCNC1,257,2351,026+100%

51Contra Costa County, CACA1,170,0701,012+195%

52Clayton County, GAGA297,4711,001+85%

53El Paso County, COCO757,040989+31%

54Richland County, SCSC434,956964+82%

55Alameda County, CACA1,636,630963+27%

56Butler County, OHOH400,128947+523%

57Muscogee County, GAGA202,171940+42%

58Hampton, VAVA137,315882+296%

59Middlesex County, MAMA1,669,979871+4%

60Suffolk County, MAMA791,891851+34%

61Lake County, FLFL456,068816+496%

62San Bernardino County, CACA2,224,091813−49%

63Hudson County, NJNJ735,033812−3%

64Santa Clara County, CACA1,914,391810+66%

65Cobb County, GAGA793,345806+103%

66Pinellas County, FLFL948,563785+132%

67District of Columbia, DCDC693,645780+49%

68Essex County, NJNJ896,379776−9%

69Salt Lake County, UTUT1,220,916775+384%

70Bergen County, NJNJ977,026758+80%

71Monroe County, NYNY750,506756+52%

72Dauphin County, PAPA293,351744+207%

73Franklin County, OHOH1,361,536725+76%

74Mercer County, NJNJ399,289717+14%

75Pasco County, FLFL674,516690+148%

76Anchorage, AKAK287,155685+431%

77San Mateo County, CACA743,568666+92%

78Leon County, FLFL299,048663+48%

79San Francisco County, CACA826,079655+77%

80San Joaquin County, CACA823,815636+156%

81Multnomah County, OROR795,391631+709%

82Richmond County, GAGA206,559631+82%

83Richmond, VAVA237,257629+303%

84Denver County, COCO740,613629+576%

85Volusia County, FLFL606,573625+166%

86Okaloosa County, FLFL221,810620+172%

87Marion County, FLFL442,660618+67%

88Richmond County, NYNY501,290614+36%

89Denton County, TXTX1,069,346609+50%

90Loudoun County, VAVA449,749607+180%

91Ventura County, CACA830,851605+51%

92Burlington County, NJNJ481,439603−2%

93Henry County, GAGA264,922600+362%

94Davidson County, TNTN745,904592+183%

95Newport News, VAVA183,230589+9%

96Alexandria, VAVA160,662581+808%

97Camden County, NJNJ535,799578+238%

98Adams County, COCO554,668576+292%

99Capitol Planning Region, CTCT994,115566–

100Virginia Beach, VAVA453,737564−21%

101Frederick County, MDMD302,883564+810%

102Marion County, ININ992,196549+153%

103Union County, NJNJ601,863544−7%

104Chesterfield County, VAVA397,148543+36%

105Sonoma County, CACA486,444534+632%

106Western Connecticut Planning Region, CTCT640,482532–

107Pima County, AZAZ1,074,685529−40%

108Charleston County, SCSC436,200529+270%

109Montgomery County, TNTN249,935526+26%

110Knox County, TNTN511,453522+1086%

111Baltimore County, MDMD847,650516+17%

112Worcester County, MAMA888,502508−17%

113Shelby County, TNTN910,226501+56%

114Rutherford County, TNTN386,352492+1722%

115Baltimore, MDMD569,997490+120%

116Fayette County, KYKY329,751487+1639%

117Fort Bend County, TXTX975,191479−10%

118Allegheny County, PAPA1,225,035469+272%

119York County, PAPA473,197462+1677%

120Chesapeake, VAVA255,332461+14%

121Madison County, ALAL433,516457+91%

122Hennepin County, MNMN1,284,784456+135%

123Kane County, ILIL525,757454+320%

124Montgomery County, PAPA877,643453+6%

125Santa Rosa County, FLFL211,115452+315%

126Howard County, MDMD339,183442+140%

127Stanislaus County, CACA557,719439+4290%

128Jefferson County, KYKY795,222437−19%

129Washington County, OROR611,708435+110%

130Kent County, DEDE194,786435+1350%

131Arlington County, VAVA243,931433+174%

132Alachua County, FLFL290,028429+78%

133New Castle County, DEDE588,026426+128%

134Onslow County, NCNC217,175424+38%

135Jackson County, MOMO732,994421+41%

136Henrico County, VAVA342,775421+14%

137Clay County, FLFL239,593421+82%

138Greenville County, SCSC583,125419−5%

139Thurston County, WAWA304,261419−18%

140Cuyahoga County, OHOH1,232,925416+28%

141Bay County, FLFL204,479414−9%

142Hardin County, KYKY113,482404+477%

143Tulsa County, OKOK698,782403+460%

144Escambia County, FLFL333,834398+82%

145Stafford County, VAVA170,803397+127%

146Rockland County, NYNY357,397394+26%

147Lee County, ALAL189,881391+586%

148Manatee County, FLFL468,200385+85%

149Arapahoe County, COCO673,820384+35%

150Monmouth County, NJNJ651,035380+69%

151Montgomery County, TXTX781,194377+26%

152South Central Connecticut Planning Region, CTCT578,741375–

153Lane County, OROR381,584368+581%

154St. Johns County, FLFL346,328367+681%

155Benton County, ARAR332,554362+670%

156Lehigh County, PAPA384,383358+302%

157Chatham County, GAGA311,855353+2%

158Guadalupe County, TXTX201,111349+201%

159Comanche County, OKOK122,158348+125%

160Lancaster County, PAPA563,159345+283%

161Norfolk, VAVA231,013345+107%

162Kent County, MIMI675,232344+310%

163Manassas Park, VAVA16,560344–

164Columbia County, GAGA169,189343−14%

165Albany County, NYNY321,225342+192%

166Milwaukee County, WIWI924,216342+31%

167Sumter County, SCSC105,067340+295%

168Greater Bridgeport Planning Region, CTCT337,697337–

169New Hanover County, NCNC245,959336+348%

170Dutchess County, NYNY300,708335+166%

171Norfolk County, MAMA739,749334+169%

172Collier County, FLFL417,131332+28%

173Harris County, GAGA37,280332+592%

174DuPage County, ILIL934,298331+38%

175Solano County, CACA455,376326−19%

176St. Lucie County, FLFL402,449325+110%

177Montgomery County, OHOH539,598325+306%

178Lexington County, SCSC317,588325+115%

179Bucks County, PAPA647,828323+27%

180Cochise County, AZAZ126,332318+192%

181Oklahoma County, OKOK822,125318−1%

182Carroll County, MDMD176,677313+703%

183Orange County, NYNY417,669312−20%

184Orleans Parish, LALA362,154308+173%

185Sedgwick County, KSKS538,433307+614%

186Forsyth County, NCNC401,718304+322%

187Wayne County, MIMI1,769,038301−16%

188Naugatuck Valley Planning Region, CTCT463,349291–

189Macomb County, MIMI886,221281+260%

190Tippecanoe County, ININ190,456281+1379%

191Santa Cruz County, CACA258,852280+331%

192Midland County, TXTX187,855275–

193Providence County, RIRI678,179269+39%

194Dane County, WIWI590,375268+319%

195Tattnall County, GAGA24,376267–

196Washington County, RIRI129,795267–

197Larimer County, COCO377,292265+1459%

198Clackamas County, OROR426,280264–

199Lake County, ILIL719,339264+184%

200Somerset County, NJNJ356,486263+209%

201St. Joseph County, ININ272,861263+426%

202Scott County, KYKY62,262262–

203Douglas County, NENE606,460261+2%

204Marion County, OROR355,777261+110%

205Onondaga County, NYNY466,584259+208%

206Hays County, TXTX304,390259+1627%

207Washington County, ARAR271,213258+486%

208Harrison County, MSMS217,136258+26%

209Nueces County, TXTX352,992256+86%

210Lancaster County, SCSC114,296255–

211Johnson County, KSKS636,906254+39%

212York County, SCSC306,887252+103%

213Kendall County, ILIL145,470252+385%

214Saline County, ARAR133,288248–

215Berkeley County, SCSC274,666247+533%

216Placer County, CACA442,081241+460%

217Madison County, ININ135,088241–

218St. Charles County, MOMO426,499239+232%

219Honolulu County, HIHI988,703239−40%

220Passaic County, NJNJ531,624237−2%

221Jefferson Parish, LALA431,398236+48%

222Northampton County, PAPA324,411234+311%

223Douglas County, COCO399,396229−15%

224Dorchester County, SCSC178,397227+272%

225Allen County, ININ402,329226–

226Albemarle County, VAVA118,356221+187%

227Shasta County, CACA181,648219+1053%

228Erie County, NYNY946,741218+41%

229Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region, CTCT284,015218–

230Luzerne County, PAPA332,126217+268%

231Johnston County, NCNC256,448216+427%

232Riley County, KSKS72,598216–

233Jackson County, GAGA99,265215–

234Charlotte County, FLFL217,212212+18%

235Houston County, GAGA178,214212−11%

236Sarpy County, NENE208,303210+169%

237Madison County, TNTN100,790209+243%

238Ada County, IDID546,141209+227%

239Jefferson County, NYNY111,540208+292%

240Kitsap County, WAWA283,374207+728%

241Williamson County, TNTN272,061206+1112%

242Will County, ILIL712,253206+79%

243Snohomish County, WAWA870,656206+0%

244Berkeley County, WVWV139,522205+247%

245East Baton Rouge Parish, LALA456,180203+10%

246McHenry County, ILIL317,751201+36%

247Comal County, TXTX209,166200+160%

248Clark County, WAWA532,119198+219%

249Niagara County, NYNY208,912194+181%

250Hernando County, FLFL221,701194+29%

251Union County, NCNC267,674193–

252Boulder County, COCO328,560191+122%

253Monterey County, CACA433,729190−9%

254Coweta County, GAGA160,240190+288%

255Gilmer County, GAGA33,894189–

256Charles County, MDMD176,593189−32%

257Marin County, CACA253,694187+179%

258St. Tammany Parish, LALA279,108186+130%

259Fresno County, CACA1,035,456185+93%

260Washtenaw County, MIMI370,214185−11%

261Faulkner County, ARAR133,979184+982%

262Gloucester County, NJNJ312,638183+186%

263Coryell County, TXTX85,592182+42%

264Nassau County, FLFL106,879182+1417%

265Harford County, MDMD266,446180+5%

266Davis County, UTUT381,227180+100%

267Spokane County, WAWA558,344177+7%

268Long County, GAGA21,557176+1367%

269Hamilton County, OHOH838,418175+161%

270Scott County, MSMS28,073174+691%

271Darlington County, SCSC62,888174+770%

272Laurens County, SCSC71,848173–

273Seneca County, NYNY32,883172+1811%

274Summit County, OHOH538,376170+1317%

275Randall County, TXTX152,351169+3280%

276Brazoria County, TXTX419,080168+65%

277Jefferson County, ALAL665,742167+64%

278Cherokee County, GAGA299,273167+188%

279Pulaski County, MOMO54,442165+46%

280Utah County, UTUT759,859165+184%

281Baldwin County, ALAL267,761163–

282Forsyth County, GAGA282,805163+226%

283Sarasota County, FLFL479,958162+6%

284Lee County, NCNC70,258162+224%

285Guilford County, NCNC562,234160+214%

286Franklin County, NCNC82,037159–

287Spotsylvania County, VAVA155,388158+123%

288Douglas County, GAGA154,293158+42%

289Stevens County, WAWA49,668158–

290Burleigh County, NDND103,251155+278%

291Hampden County, MAMA464,338152−41%

292Putnam County, NYNY99,028151–

293Marquette County, MIMI68,064145–

294Waukesha County, WIWI417,210144+260%

295Centre County, PAPA157,393143–

296Calaveras County, CACA46,605142–

297Ramsey County, MNMN541,623142+178%

298Rockingham County, NHNH324,077140+567%

299Atlantic County, NJNJ278,657140+35%

300Montgomery County, ALAL225,891139−10%

301Mobile County, ALAL411,658138−5%

302Oakland County, MIMI1,288,337138+37%

303Taylor County, TXTX150,077138+182%

304Greene County, MOMO309,286138+763%

305Suffolk, VAVA104,699138+20%

306Kenosha County, WIWI168,448137+46%

307Kaufman County, TXTX209,235136+871%

308Doña Ana County, NMNM229,091135+1250%

309Schenectady County, NYNY162,581135+111%

310Jefferson County, COCO580,451135+2%

311Brazos County, TXTX249,088132−18%

312Morris County, NJNJ524,251132+4%

313Hall County, GAGA226,568132+12%

314Geary County, KSKS36,338132+22%

315Highlands County, FLFL111,122131+285%

316Iredell County, NCNC211,798129+438%

317Dakota County, MNMN457,710128−35%

318St. Louis County, MOMO990,911127−39%

319Newton County, GAGA125,583127−4%

320Bristol County, MAMA593,640126+45%

321Lancaster County, NENE334,049126+180%

322Clay County, MOMO265,032126+530%

323Houston County, ALAL110,318123+137%

324Lebanon County, PAPA146,380123+89%

325Westmoreland County, PAPA349,324122+578%

326Sandoval County, NMNM159,565120+118%

327Martin County, FLFL166,272120+1233%

328Fayette County, GAGA125,156120+10%

329Sullivan County, TNTN163,759119–

330Navarro County, TXTX57,181119+526%

331Bernalillo County, NMNM667,601118−77%

332Curry County, NMNM46,655118+1375%

333Sullivan County, NYNY80,586117+92%

334Vernon Parish, LALA45,091116+71%

335Ingham County, MIMI289,709115+77%

336Allen County, OHOH100,881115−60%

337Blair County, PAPA119,541115–

338Tulare County, CACA485,146115+135%

339Franklin County, ALAL32,449114–

340Limestone County, ALAL122,928113+163%

341Franklin County, KYKY52,649113–

342Oconee County, SCSC83,775112+11100%

343Kenton County, KYKY175,779112+239%

344Galveston County, TXTX372,207112−56%

345Pettis County, MOMO44,254111–

346Hunterdon County, NJNJ131,781111–

347Harnett County, NCNC150,137111+383%

348Saratoga County, NYNY241,343110−8%

349Rockwall County, TXTX140,738110+206%

350Kankakee County, ILIL105,525110−6%

351Muskegon County, MIMI177,901108+64%

352Durham County, NCNC347,240108−21%

353Johnson County, IAIA160,044107–

354Hoke County, NCNC56,939107−74%

355Russell County, ALAL58,898106+49%

356Calcasieu Parish, LALA208,466105+275%

357Horry County, SCSC427,551105+150%

358Chester County, PAPA557,116105+52%

359Flagler County, FLFL140,360105+46%

360Liberty County, GAGA70,313105−64%

361Trumbull County, OHOH198,972102+580%

362Douglas County, OROR111,951101–

363Delaware County, PAPA580,937101+9%

364Branch County, MIMI45,993100+525%

365Pulaski County, ARAR404,61199+254%

366Putnam County, TNTN86,61298–

367Kern County, CACA927,06898−54%

368Pearl River County, MSMS59,36398–

369Boone County, KYKY145,31697+80%

370Cabarrus County, NCNC249,72597–

371Charlottesville, VAVA44,38897–

372Washington County, MDMD157,73196+3%

373Redwood County, MNMN15,26596–

374Elkhart County, ININ208,77494+1243%

375Polk County, IAIA516,54694+38%

376Roanoke, VAVA99,11194−12%

377Kalamazoo County, MIMI263,79593+288%

378Berks County, PAPA440,07292−52%

379Fayette County, IAIA19,04792–

380Victoria County, TXTX92,65692−50%

381St. Landry Parish, LALA80,76591+250%

382Jackson County, MSMS147,66691−58%

383Linn County, IAIA232,02891+1200%

384Cumberland County, MEME317,22290–

385Kanawha County, WVWV172,38190+350%

386Plymouth County, MAMA546,82989−77%

387Suwannee County, FLFL48,14989–

388Colquitt County, GAGA47,43889–

389Cherokee County, IAIA11,36989–

390Monroe County, ININ143,34588+487%

391Cameron County, TXTX433,94687+18%

392Laramie County, WYWY102,93887+142%

393Gaston County, NCNC246,55886–

394Newton County, MOMO62,26386+2767%

395Sangamon County, ILIL194,17085+673%

396Camden County, GAGA60,14385−3%

397San Luis Obispo County, CACA282,36783+177%

398Stark County, OHOH373,77183+177%

399West Feliciana Parish, LALA15,13482–

400Morrow County, OROR12,60282–

401Augusta County, VAVA78,94082+447%

402Wayne County, NCNC122,27882+128%

403Rensselaer County, NYNY160,51081+80%

404St. Mary's County, MDMD116,69281−11%

405Cumberland County, PAPA277,27080+36%

406Hanover County, VAVA116,42380+400%

407Monroe County, PAPA167,17979−38%

408York County, VAVA71,37479+93%

409Aiken County, SCSC181,51579+558%

410Mesa County, COCO162,84578+73%

411Paulding County, GAGA190,99678+388%

412Boone County, MOMO191,74677−19%

413Hood County, TXTX70,50177–

414Lamar County, TXTX51,50377–

415Sumter County, FLFL157,77277+75%

416Calvert County, MDMD94,48476−11%

417Sussex County, NJNJ148,06376+43%

418Lawrence County, PAPA83,91176+850%

419Beaufort County, SCSC204,43375+121%

420Weld County, COCO378,42675−23%

421Matanuska-Susitna, AKAK118,66674+100%

422Jim Wells County, TXTX38,80474–

423Scott County, MNMN159,01774+393%

424Robertson County, TNTN80,17572–

425Wilson County, TNTN175,03372–

426Anoka County, MNMN381,60571–

427Washoe County, NVNV509,38671−1%

428Catawba County, NCNC170,17271−60%

429Monroe County, FLFL80,40671+492%

430Kosciusko County, ININ80,89271–

431Buffalo County, NENE51,17270–

432Portsmouth, VAVA96,77770−29%

433Indian River County, FLFL172,79970−17%

434Sagadahoc County, MEME37,97970–

435Van Zandt County, TXTX66,13070–

436Ouachita Parish, LALA158,54269–

437Orangeburg County, SCSC83,17769+331%

438St. Lawrence County, NYNY105,48868+36%

439Lincoln County, TNTN36,85368−56%

440Skagit County, WAWA132,97568−6%

441Barry County, MOMO36,20067–

442Phelps County, MOMO45,24767–

443Clinton County, NYNY78,13867+415%

444Lucas County, OHOH423,34767−9%

445Lincoln County, SDSD77,14567–

446Bradley County, TNTN115,46567+191%

447Madison County, MSMS116,29866–

448Chattahoochee County, GAGA8,46566−35%

449Elmore County, ALAL91,57765+86%

450Warren County, KYKY149,37565+183%

451Lorain County, OHOH323,21965–

452Hamilton County, TNTN390,83365−8%

453Manitowoc County, WIWI81,71065–

454Lake County, ININ504,61265−58%

455Waldo County, MEME40,69365–

456Autauga County, ALAL61,92064–

457Grand Forks County, NDND74,50164+276%

458Smith County, TXTX252,54964+56%

459Kennebec County, MEME129,06763+1475%

460Dare County, NCNC38,24563–

461Fairfield County, OHOH169,75263+80%

462Greene County, OHOH174,32263+57%

463Lackawanna County, PAPA216,50263–

464Spartanburg County, SCSC380,85763+57%

465Hidalgo County, TXTX921,54963−32%

466Marathon County, WIWI139,43263+174%

467Howard County, ININ83,90463–

468Giles County, TNTN31,43363–

469Merced County, CACA297,26062−61%

470Campbell County, KYKY95,44162+464%

471Culpeper County, VAVA57,66662–

472Licking County, OHOH185,56462–

473Sutter County, CACA98,78762−6%

474Mason County, WAWA71,16562–

475Dale County, ALAL49,91261−10%

476Escambia County, ALAL36,66561–

477San Benito County, CACA70,08261−41%

478Barnstable County, MAMA233,53961+13%

479Stark County, NDND34,01361–

480Ector County, TXTX173,80161−24%

481Cleveland County, OKOK303,97361−77%

482St. Clair County, ILIL250,70861+1425%

483Deschutes County, OROR213,07260–

484Yuma County, AZAZ224,44959−3%

485Geauga County, OHOH95,67659–

486Johnson County, TXTX218,04859–

487Bibb County, GAGA157,55659+436%

488Shelby County, ALAL238,55258−60%

489Lake County, OHOH232,21757–

490Kootenai County, IDID191,86457+0%

491Tuscaloosa County, ALAL241,36856+143%

492Beltrami County, MNMN47,05556–

493Allegan County, MIMI123,18855–

494Wexford County, MIMI34,44555+450%

495Hinds County, MSMS211,88855–

496Brunswick County, NCNC174,70255−5%

497Burnet County, TXTX57,01555–

498Bartow County, GAGA120,80055+511%

499Meade County, KYKY30,69955+450%

500Lafayette Parish, LALA257,94954−21%

SHOWING 1–500 OF 1,129

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UPDATED 2026-07-15 · DATA: US CENSUS BUREAU ACS 5-YEAR ESTIMATES

Frequently asked

Which county has the highest panamanian population?

Kings County, New York ranks #1 with 12,111 (2024 American Community Survey).

What are the top 5 counties by panamanian population?

Kings County, New York, Miami-Dade County, Florida, Los Angeles County, California, Hillsborough County, Florida, Broward County, Florida.

How many counties are in this ranking?

1,129 counties qualify after filtering for population minimums and data availability. The ranking covers 2024 ACS 5-year data.

How is panamanian population measured?

Number of residents who are Panamanian origin (Hispanic origin, ACS detailed tables). Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2024).