RANKING · 2010 CENSUS · 500 SHOWN OF 6,405

Newest housing stock, US cities · 2010

US cities ranked by median year housing was built (2010 ACS). Manor, Texas leads at 2004. 6,405 cities qualify in total. Cities with fewer than 5,000 residents are excluded. Texas carries 11 of the top 25 entries.

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SAME RANKING BYCounties States Metros ZIP codes

YEAR1990 2010 2020 2024

RANKPLACESTATEPOPMEDIAN YEAR BUILTVS 1990

USUnited States308,745,5381974–

01Manor, TXTX23,0702004+2%

02Oakleaf Plantation, FLFL32,0702004–

03Melissa, TXTX29,9692004+2%

04Fairwood, MDMD7,5262004–

05Eastvale, CACA70,5942004–

06Corona de Tucson, AZAZ9,5662004–

07Hutto, TXTX46,0482004+2%

08Clarksburg, MDMD30,4872004–

09Enterprise, NVNV240,4642004+1%

10Loudoun Valley Estates, VAVA10,2712004–

11Cibolo, TXTX39,0192004+1%

12Arlington, TNTN15,7032003+2%

13Oakland, TNTN10,8352003+2%

14Bee Cave, TXTX8,4642003+1%

15Fairview, TXTX10,9132003+1%

16Fish Hawk, FLFL26,1862003–

17Lavon, TXTX11,8882003+1%

18Little Elm, TXTX62,7272003+1%

19Nocatee, FLFL27,4422003–

20Murphy, TXTX20,9852003+1%

21Braselton, GAGA18,4962003+2%

22Grayson, GAGA5,5692003+1%

23Royse City, TXTX28,3072003+2%

24Selma, TXTX11,9552003+1%

25Eagle Mountain, UTUT66,5572003–

26Herriman, UTUT63,2822003–

27Saratoga Springs, UTUT61,3972003–

28Whitestown, ININ15,7672003+3%

29The Pinehills, MAMA5,2822003–

30Kyle, TXTX69,9172003+2%

31Rincon Valley, AZAZ6,5122003–

32Vail, AZAZ16,3152003–

33French Valley, CACA45,2692003–

34Bluffton, SCSC36,8072003+1%

35Anna, TXTX35,2452003+2%

36Anthem, AZAZ22,5842003–

37Valencia West, AZAZ14,7282003+1%

38Urbana, MDMD14,2602003–

39Ladera Ranch, CACA23,7932003–

40Lansdowne, VAVA12,3282003–

41Laurel Hill, VAVA7,4502003–

42Queen Creek, AZAZ89,7702003+1%

43Sahuarita, AZAZ37,6942003–

44Firestone, COCO20,1292003+1%

45Severance, COCO11,8412003+3%

46Lovejoy, GAGA12,9292003+1%

47Star, IDID20,8742003–

48Rolesville, NCNC12,8392003+2%

49Harrisburg, SDSD10,4052002+2%

50Spring Hill, TNTN61,3362002+1%

51Forney, TXTX41,6582002+1%

52Frisco, TXTX236,9552002+1%

53Middletown, DEDE25,7982002+2%

54Leander, TXTX91,1322002+1%

55Orangetree, FLFL6,0842002–

56The Villages, FLFL83,4982002–

57Northlake, TXTX12,0362002+1%

58Prosper, TXTX45,6052002+1%

59DuPont, WAWA9,7782002+3%

60Snoqualmie, WAWA13,6402002+3%

61Four Corners, TXTX11,6922002–

62Meridian, COCO5,6342002–

63Summerlin South, NVNV31,3542002–

64Broadlands, VAVA14,3532002–

65Dulles Town Center, VAVA5,4642002–

66South Riding, VAVA34,3522002–

67Centerton, ARAR27,1762002+2%

68Franklin Center, NJNJ6,6462002–

69Gainesville, VAVA18,1962002–

70Linton Hall, VAVA41,8762002–

71Calera, ALAL18,9922002+2%

72El Mirage, AZAZ35,8202002+1%

73Goodyear, AZAZ125,3592002+2%

74Surprise, AZAZ175,3042002+1%

75Beaumont, CACA60,8352002+2%

76Groveland, FLFL25,5262002+2%

77Pooler, GAGA32,7442002+1%

78Villa Rica, GAGA21,0222002+2%

79Huntley, ILIL29,1322002+1%

80Lincoln, CACA57,3672002+1%

81Holly Springs, GAGA20,2612002+1%

82Wentzville, MOMO49,4952002+2%

83Plainfield, ILIL50,0432002+2%

84Round Lake, ILIL18,5262002+1%

85McCordsville, ININ13,0942002+2%

86Leland, NCNC35,7312002+1%

87Waxhaw, NCNC23,1402002+2%

88Marana, AZAZ65,5232001+1%

89Happy Valley, OROR28,9162001+2%

90Medina, TNTN5,8132001+2%

91Buda, TXTX16,1662001+1%

92Alafaya, FLFL92,4492001–

93Asbury Lake, FLFL14,4582001+1%

94Horizon City, TXTX25,1182001+1%

95Clermont, FLFL52,8122001+1%

96Lake Butler, FLFL17,1252001–

97Loughman, FLFL7,5912001+1%

98McKinney, TXTX236,0012001+2%

99North Port, FLFL96,5512001+1%

100Odessa, FLFL8,3812001–

101Poinciana, FLFL75,0682001+1%

102Wedgefield, FLFL8,8512001–

103Wesley Chapel, FLFL76,0112001–

104Fairburn, GAGA17,1332001+1%

105McDonough, GAGA33,3952001+2%

106Wylie, TXTX63,8422001+1%

107Ammon, IDID20,1192001+1%

108Washington, UTUT37,1072001+1%

109West Haven, UTUT25,6272001–

110Huntertown, ININ11,6002001+2%

111North Las Vegas, NVNV296,6532001+2%

112Holly Springs, NCNC50,2882001+2%

113Porters Neck, NCNC7,6542001–

114Hornsby Bend, TXTX12,3672001–

115Carrollton, VAVA8,4362001–

116Fort Irwin, CACA8,4192001–

117Lemoore Station, CACA6,1752001–

118Todd Creek, COCO5,3792001–

119El Sobrante CDP (Riverside County), CACA13,1292001–

120Gateway, FLFL11,1762001–

121Celebration, FLFL13,6672001–

122Kuna, IDID31,5252001+1%

123Castle Rock, COCO83,8152001+1%

124Camp Pendleton South, CACA15,7662001–

125Fresno, TXTX24,5602001+1%

126Trinity, FLFL18,9072001–

127Syracuse, UTUT39,9092001+1%

128Stafford Courthouse, VAVA5,8392001–

129Woodbridge, VAVA43,9452001+2%

130Cedar Hills, UTUT9,7552001+1%

131Highland Lakes, ALAL5,8662001–

132Chelsea, ALAL17,7162001+1%

133Avondale, AZAZ100,9832001+1%

134Frederick, COCO18,2412001+2%

135Wellington, COCO12,1692001+1%

136Canton, GAGA40,7782001+2%

137Flowery Branch, GAGA13,1102001+1%

138Woodstock, GAGA39,8952001+1%

139Erie, COCO40,9042001+2%

140Estero, FLFL38,3652001+1%

141Johnstown, COCO22,4332001+2%

142Minooka, ILIL12,8992001+1%

143Montgomery, ILIL21,9782001+2%

144Yorkville, ILIL26,7302001+2%

145North Liberty, IAIA21,9762001+1%

146Waukee, IAIA34,8902001+1%

147Hugo, MNMN17,1672001+1%

148Isanti, MNMN7,7142001+1%

149Rogers, MNMN15,6062001+2%

150Dardenne Prairie, MOMO15,0322001+1%

151Poplar Grove, ILIL5,2062001+3%

152Lonsdale, MNMN5,1172001+2%

153Oswego, ILIL39,9482001+2%

154Otsego, MNMN24,5252001–

155Morrisville, NCNC32,4662001+1%

156Wesley Chapel, NCNC9,5662001–

157Meridian, IDID142,9882000+1%

158Blythewood, SCSC7,2332000+2%

159Nolensville, TNTN15,7892000+1%

160Four Corners, FLFL65,0482000–

161Minneola, FLFL21,0642000+1%

162McLendon-Chisholm, TXTX5,6292000+1%

163Pine Ridge CDP (Citrus County), FLFL10,7622000–

164Three Oaks, FLFL6,1442000–

165Viera East, FLFL12,5702000–

166Winter Garden, FLFL48,0632000+1%

167Sachse, TXTX32,8342000+1%

168Hiram, GAGA5,5852000+1%

169Stockbridge, GAGA36,3312000+1%

170Farr West, UTUT8,1632000+1%

171Highland, UTUT21,5712000+1%

172Lehi, UTUT95,3132000+2%

173Purcellville, VAVA8,8902000+2%

174Liberty Lake, WAWA14,0292000+1%

175Yelm, WAWA12,0432000+1%

176Goddard, KSKS6,6382000+1%

177Mesquite, NVNV24,0012000+1%

178Whitney, NVNV47,2212000–

179Moyock, NCNC5,6842000–

180St. James, NCNC7,3182000–

181Boiling Springs, SCSC12,9362000+1%

182Massanetta Springs, VAVA6,3582000–

183Rio Rico, AZAZ22,0172000–

184Salton City, CACA5,9882000–

185Fleming Island, FLFL29,7662000–

186Mansfield, TXTX84,4442000+1%

187Venus, TXTX8,8702000+1%

188Saddlebrooke, AZAZ13,0852000–

189Princeton, FLFL42,6252000+1%

190Grain Valley, MOMO16,9082000+1%

191Westport, NCNC5,9152000+1%

192Brentwood, CACA66,6072000+1%

193Lochbuie, COCO8,7762000+1%

194Milliken, COCO9,1832000+1%

195Commerce City, COCO72,3452000+2%

196Locust Grove, GAGA14,6102000+1%

197Margaret, ALAL7,1492000+2%

198Palm Coast, FLFL109,8862000+1%

199Sugar Grove, ILIL9,3812000+1%

200Clayton, NCNC32,6332000+1%

201Harrisburg, NCNC20,7422000+1%

202Wake Forest, NCNC58,1472000+1%

203New Albany, OHOH11,8032000+2%

204Eagle Point, OROR9,8611999+1%

205Atoka, TNTN10,6451999+1%

206Celina, TXTX64,4271999+2%

207Apollo Beach, FLFL33,3551999+1%

208Fruit Cove, FLFL35,8771999+1%

209Homestead, FLFL86,2421999+1%

210Lely Resort, FLFL8,5821999–

211Meadow Woods, FLFL42,8521999+1%

212Westchase, FLFL24,8851999–

213Pflugerville, TXTX68,3161999+1%

214Draper, UTUT50,6521999+2%

215Avon, ININ25,3501999–

216Murraysville, NCNC16,3391999–

217Vineyard, CACA43,7511999–

218Castle Pines, COCO15,5831999–

219Union Hill-Novelty Hill, WAWA23,0471999–

220Winfield, ININ9,1401999–

221Mililani Mauka, HIHI21,2781999–

222McNair, VAVA22,6551999–

223Westfield, ININ66,2581999+1%

224Gulf Park Estates, MSMS6,2641999+1%

225Byram, MSMS12,7071999–

226Ancient Oaks, PAPA7,7771999+2%

227Three Lakes, FLFL16,8881999–

228Roxborough Park, COCO9,0851999–

229Desert Palms, CACA6,5791999–

230Doral, FLFL81,6341999+1%

231Murrieta, CACA114,1241999+1%

232Parker, COCO65,9851999+1%

233Milton, GAGA41,2661999–

234Newnan, GAGA45,8671999+2%

235Rincon, GAGA11,7261999+1%

236Suwanee, GAGA23,0341999+1%

237Temple, GAGA6,5641999+1%

238Eagle, IDID34,6581999+1%

239Rio Vista, CACA10,5231999+2%

240Monee, ILIL5,1191999+3%

241Lakemoor, ILIL6,4491999+1%

242Albertville, MNMN8,5441999+1%

243Gardner, KSKS26,1541999+1%

244Indian Trail, NCNC44,3031999+1%

245Fuquay-Varina, NCNC48,5361999+1%

246La Vergne, TNTN42,1461998+1%

247Cedar Park, TXTX79,0321998+1%

248Corinth, TXTX25,2971998+1%

249Helotes, TXTX10,3871998+1%

250Krum, TXTX6,8081998+1%

251Lehigh Acres, FLFL132,3531998+1%

252Parker, TXTX6,4621998+1%

253Pearland, TXTX129,9301998+1%

254Bluffdale, UTUT19,5061998+1%

255Nibley, UTUT8,9751998+1%

256Perry, UTUT6,2261998+2%

257South Jordan, UTUT87,6141998+1%

258Battle Ground, WAWA23,5131998+1%

259Fishers, ININ104,8121998+1%

260Union, KYKY7,9371998+1%

261Fulton, MDMD5,6771998–

262O'Fallon, MOMO96,1011998+1%

263Cold Springs, NVNV11,3211998–

264Spanish Springs, NVNV17,9801998–

265Five Forks, SCSC18,6561998–

266Atascocita, TXTX99,3541998–

267New River, AZAZ18,2401998–

268El Dorado Hills, CACA51,0261998+1%

269Cinco Ranch, TXTX18,6111998–

270Hernando, MSMS18,8241998+1%

271Hidalgo, TXTX15,3761998+1%

272Foley, ALAL30,3541998+1%

273Riverview, FLFL113,6971998+1%

274Allen, TXTX113,4471998+1%

275Stevenson Ranch, CACA20,9901998–

276Gulf Shores, ALAL17,3941998+1%

277Elk Grove, CACA185,0071998+1%

278Evans, COCO22,5001998+1%

279Cornelius, NCNC35,0941998+1%

280Gilbert, AZAZ287,2851998+1%

281Imperial, CACA22,3301998+2%

282Hampshire, ILIL9,2661998+2%

283Manhattan, ILIL10,9431998+2%

284Parkland, FLFL39,1861998+1%

285Roscoe, ILIL11,0341998+1%

286Belle Plaine, MNMN7,6321998+2%

287Cottleville, MOMO6,7171998+1%

288Becker, MNMN5,4251998+1%

289Waveland, MSMS7,0421998+1%

290Apex, NCNC80,4191998+1%

291Huntersville, NCNC68,5351998+1%

292Knightdale, NCNC23,1441998+1%

293Stallings, NCNC17,7601998+1%

294Powell, OHOH18,2691998+1%

295Fairview, OROR10,7621997+1%

296Lexington, SCSC25,7291997+1%

297Tea, SDSD8,0191997+1%

298Citrus Hills, FLFL9,3041997–

299League City, TXTX119,9051997+1%

300Midlothian, TXTX46,6831997+1%

301Southchase, FLFL13,9811997–

302Oak Point, TXTX6,9091997+1%

303Acworth, GAGA22,9251997+1%

304Red Oak, TXTX20,3941997+1%

305Hurricane, UTUT25,7451997+1%

306Ivins, UTUT11,5461997+1%

307Ridgefield, WAWA16,1321997+2%

308Cottage Grove, WIWI8,9301997+1%

309Hebron, KYKY6,4071997–

310St. Francis, MNMN8,6351997+1%

311Shakopee, MNMN49,3661997+1%

312St. Robert, MOMO5,6021997+1%

313Henderson, NVNV353,2891997+1%

314Winterville, NCNC10,9731997+1%

315Tellico, TNTN7,4141997–

316Doolittle, TXTX6,2031997–

317Stansbury Park, UTUT11,2421997+1%

318Fort Mohave, AZAZ15,7151997–

319La Quinta, CACA39,4401997+1%

320Short Pump, VAVA29,0261997–

321Pueblo West, COCO35,6811997+1%

322Bethany, OROR33,1061997–

323Bothell East, WAWA14,5781997–

324Kapolei, HIHI22,2321997–

325Brock Hall, MDMD13,6151997–

326Ashburn, VAVA46,0261997+0%

327Helena Valley Northwest, MTMT5,1831997+1%

328Wyndham, VAVA12,0991997–

329Stonegate, COCO8,9061997–

330Lake Stickney, WAWA15,8901997–

331Navarre, FLFL39,8381997–

332Silver Firs, WAWA22,3061997–

333Battlefield, MOMO6,3611997+1%

334Naranja, FLFL15,7961997+1%

335Lowell, ARAR12,1841997+1%

336Fruita, COCO14,0031997+1%

337Lone Tree, COCO15,2781997–

338Mead, COCO7,0421997+1%

339Windsor, COCO43,8401997+1%

340Dallas, GAGA15,4021997+1%

341Helena, ALAL23,3881997+1%

342Sherwood, OROR20,5351997+1%

343Hampton, GAGA9,3491997+1%

344Channahon, ILIL14,5301997+1%

345Elburn, ILIL7,0841997+2%

346Romeoville, ILIL41,2811997+2%

347Asbury, IAIA6,0351997+1%

348Farmington, MNMN25,4251997+1%

349Ashland, MOMO5,2211997+1%

350Johnston, IAIA25,0651997+1%

351St. Michael, MNMN22,4981997+1%

352Pass Christian, MSMS6,4591997+1%

353Avon, OHOH25,6111997+2%

354Pickerington, OHOH26,3331997+1%

355Sartell, MNMN19,9181996+1%

356Mount Juliet, TNTN45,1721996+1%

357Boerne, TXTX24,0471996+1%

358Citrus Springs, FLFL12,2151996+1%

359Justin, TXTX7,2851996+1%

360Heathrow, FLFL6,7691996–

361Keystone, FLFL25,8581996–

362Pebble Creek, FLFL10,4471996–

363Nolanville, TXTX7,9831996+1%

364Princeton, TXTX43,5241996+1%

365Douglasville, GAGA41,5231996+1%

366Evans, GAGA36,9981996+1%

367Roanoke, TXTX10,9311996+1%

368Rockwall, TXTX53,9801996+1%

369Grovetown, GAGA17,9391996+1%

370Round Rock, TXTX141,2821996+1%

371Sunnyvale, TXTX9,0081996+1%

372Riverton, UTUT47,3951996+1%

373Maple Valley, WAWA28,4821996+2%

374Odenton, MDMD45,0021996+1%

375Olive Branch, MSMS47,5631996+1%

376Pomona, NJNJ7,9951996+1%

377Apple Valley, OHOH5,5481996–

378Fair Lakes, VAVA8,8941996–

379Orting, WAWA8,8841996+2%

380Las Flores CDP (Orange County), CACA5,5131996–

381Mecca, CACA7,1841996+1%

382Crawfordville, FLFL5,7321996–

383Bentonville, ARAR63,0571996+1%

384Cabot, ARAR27,7111996+1%

385Pecan Plantation, TXTX6,4521996–

386Superior, COCO13,6371996+2%

387Fortuna Foothills, AZAZ28,8961996+1%

388Blandon, PAPA7,3571996–

389Summit View, WAWA8,4801996–

390Shorewood, ILIL18,5361996+1%

391Ewa Gentry, HIHI26,5631996+0%

392Country Walk, FLFL19,2911996+1%

393River Ridge, FLFL5,1491996–

394Spring Ridge, MDMD5,9221996–

395Cherry Hill, VAVA26,0441996–

396Lowes Island, VAVA11,0181996–

397Creedmoor, NCNC5,0461996+1%

398Citrus Park, AZAZ5,1151996–

399Johnson Lane, NVNV6,4671996+1%

400Gleneagle, COCO6,4401996+1%

401Highlands Ranch, COCO102,2571996+1%

402Nixa, MOMO26,5971996+1%

403Orange Beach, ALAL8,7981996+1%

404Pike Road, ALAL11,8991996–

405Casa Grande, AZAZ69,7531996+1%

406Prescott Valley, AZAZ52,4231996+1%

407Ward, ARAR7,2581996+1%

408Adelanto, CACA38,7981996+1%

409Patterson, CACA26,5871996+1%

410Senoia, GAGA6,2761996+2%

411Sugar Hill, GAGA29,2801996+1%

412Middleton, IDID12,6001996+1%

413Coachella, CACA45,4111996+1%

414Kennesaw, GAGA37,9701996+1%

415Kingsland, GAGA21,2991996+1%

416Frankfort, ILIL21,3651996+1%

417Pea Ridge, ARAR11,2331996+1%

418Port St. Lucie, FLFL268,0621996–

419Spring Grove, ILIL5,5261996+1%

420Youngsville, LALA19,9801996+1%

421Big Lake, MNMN12,9291996+1%

422Zimmerman, MNMN6,9041996+1%

423Loganville, GAGA17,2121996+1%

424Tiffin, IAIA7,1561996+2%

425Raymore, MOMO26,6331996+1%

426Archer Lodge, NCNC5,6491996–

427Carver, MNMN7,1981996+2%

428Ozark, MOMO23,5441996+1%

429Monroe, OHOH15,8801996+1%

430Fletcher, NCNC8,3731996+1%

431Jenks, OKOK28,1751995+1%

432Lakeland, TNTN14,4221995+1%

433Pleasant View, TNTN5,7971995–

434Flower Mound, TXTX79,5401995+1%

435Georgetown, TXTX106,9071995+1%

436Keller, TXTX46,0781995+1%

437Hunters Creek, FLFL22,8191995–

438Land O' Lakes, FLFL38,9101995+1%

439Miramar, FLFL142,5701995+1%

440Miramar Beach, FLFL8,9021995+1%

441Osprey, FLFL5,9431995+1%

442Rotonda, FLFL10,3521995+1%

443Richmond West, FLFL35,5931995–

444Penitas, TXTX6,4951995+1%

445Clinton, UTUT23,7971995+1%

446Enoch, UTUT8,8471995+1%

447North Salt Lake, UTUT23,5881995+1%

448Santaquin, UTUT18,9891995+2%

449Allendale, MIMI26,6791995+1%

450Latimer, MSMS6,7561995+1%

451Gardnerville, NVNV5,4861995+1%

452Santa Teresa, NMNM6,0411995–

453Mooresville, NCNC55,8421995+2%

454Northchase, NCNC5,8961995–

455Canal Winchester, OHOH10,0581995+2%

456Redmond, OROR38,5471995+1%

457Brushy Creek, TXTX19,5761995+1%

458The Woodlands, TXTX121,0021995+1%

459Cascades, VAVA12,3571995–

460Marion, ARAR13,3781995+1%

461Bryant, ARAR22,8151995+1%

462Byron Center, MIMI7,4031995–

463Oak Ridge, NCNC7,8961995–

464Sunbury, OHOH8,8571995+2%

465Bull Mountain, OROR9,8651995–

466Mount Vista, WAWA10,7641995–

467Argyle, TXTX6,3721995+1%

468Frederickson, WAWA25,3831995+1%

469Graham, WAWA35,0791995–

470The Acreage, FLFL40,8431995–

471Fair Oaks, VAVA35,5451995–

472Pleasant Hill, IAIA11,2391995+1%

473Providence, UTUT9,5391995+1%

474Eureka, MOMO13,4221995+1%

475Burlington, KYKY18,0081995+1%

476Coto de Caza, CACA15,1901995+0%

477Ankeny, IAIA77,8331995+1%

478Spring Valley, NVNV219,1871995+1%

479Heath, TXTX11,6711995+1%

480Waikele, HIHI7,5281995–

481Oro Valley, AZAZ48,0851995+1%

482Peoria, AZAZ200,8811995+1%

483Rocklin, CACA76,8211995+1%

484Weston, FLFL69,5881995–

485Manteno, ILIL9,2011995+2%

486Edinburg, TXTX110,7001995+1%

487Temecula, CACA114,8651995+0%

488Shiloh, ILIL14,6041995+1%

489Noblesville, ININ76,1111995+1%

490Grimes, IAIA17,4051995+1%

491Rosemount, MNMN31,8811995+1%

492Woodbury, MNMN81,5581995+1%

493Fernley, NVNV26,2141995+1%

494Post Falls, IDID46,7151995+1%

495Lake in the Hills, ILIL28,5901995+1%

496Lake Villa, ILIL8,6921995+1%

497Oak Grove, KYKY7,8301995+1%

498New Haven, MIMI6,7491995+1%

499Flowood, MSMS11,0031995+1%

500Savoy, ILIL9,1131995+1%

SHOWING 1–500 OF 6,405

1 2…13

Download CSV (full list, 6,405 rows)

UPDATED 2026-07-15 · DATA: US CENSUS BUREAU DECENNIAL CENSUS

Frequently asked

Which city has the highest median year built?

Manor, Texas ranks #1 with 2004 (2010 Decennial Census).

What are the top 5 cities by median year built?

Manor, Texas, Oakleaf Plantation, Florida, Melissa, Texas, Fairwood, Maryland, Eastvale, California.

How many cities are in this ranking?

6,405 cities qualify after filtering for population minimums and data availability (minimum 5,000 residents). The ranking covers 2010 Decennial Census data.

How is median year built measured?

Median year that housing structures were built. Source: US Census Bureau, 2010 Decennial Census.